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231.
Our ability for scientific reasoning is a byproduct of cognitive faculties that evolved in response to problems related to survival and reproduction. Does this observation increase the epistemic standing of science, or should we treat scientific knowledge with suspicion? The conclusions one draws from applying evolutionary theory to scientific beliefs depend to an important extent on the validity of evolutionary arguments (EAs) or evolutionary debunking arguments (EDAs). In this paper we show through an analytical model that cultural transmission of scientific knowledge can lead toward representations that are more truth-approximating or more efficient at solving science-related problems under a broad range of circumstances, even under conditions where human cognitive faculties would be further off the mark than they actually are. 相似文献
232.
Todd R. Long 《Philosophical Studies》2012,157(2):251-266
Michael Bergmann seeks to motivate his externalist, proper function theory of epistemic justification by providing three objections
to the mentalism and mentalist evidentialism characteristic of nonexternalists such as Richard Feldman and Earl Conee. Bergmann
argues that (i) mentalism is committed to the false thesis that justification depends on mental states; (ii) mentalism is
committed to the false thesis that the epistemic fittingness of an epistemic input to a belief-forming process must be due
to an essential feature of that input, and, relatedly, that mentalist evidentialism is committed to the false thesis that
the epistemic fittingness of doxastic response B to evidence E is an essential property of B–E; and (iii) mentalist evidentialism
is “unmotivated”. I object to each argument. The argument for (i) begs the question. The argument for (ii) suffers from the
fact that mentalist evidentialists are not committed to the consequences claimed for them; nevertheless, I show that there
is, in the neighborhood, a substantive dispute concerning the nature of doxastic epistemic fittingness. That dispute involves
what I call “Necessary Fittingness”, the view that, necessarily, exactly one (at most) doxastic attitude (belief, or disbelief, or suspension of judgment) toward a proposition is epistemically fitting with respect to a person’s total evidence at any time. Reflection on my super-blooper
epistemic design counterexamples to Bergmann’s proper function theory reveals both the plausibility of Necessary Fittingness
and a good reason to deny (iii). Mentalist evidentialism is thus vindicated against the objections. 相似文献
233.
Cultures shape the types of goals that students pursue in the classroom. However, research in achievement goal theory seems
to have neglected this cultural aspect with its exclusive focus on individualistically-based goals such as mastery and performance
goals. This emphasis on mastery and performance goals may reflect Western individualist psychological thinking. Thus, social
goals, which may be more salient in collectivist cultures, are relatively neglected. There is a dearth of studies investigating
the role of social goals in academic motivation, and the few studies that did explore them are somewhat problematic. This
paper reviews research done within the achievement goal theory, considers the need for more studies on social goals, and concludes
with the argument that social goals are important in understanding student motivation especially in collectivist cultures. 相似文献
234.
Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) is a treatment designed for individuals having borderline personality disorder (BPD), patients
having binge eating disorder, co-morbid substance dependence and BPD, and depressed older adults. This paper aims to explore
the use of DBT and to ascertain the status of DBT education in treating difficulties in handling interpersonal relationships
among clients seeking counseling and psychotherapy. The skills training mode can be employed for teaching skills to solve
relationship problems. Validation and acceptance strategies can lessen rejection sensitivity and negative feelings that make
interpersonal situations chaotic. Black and white thinking can be resolved by finding a middle path through acceptance and
change. This paper suggests the possible utility of DBT for enhancing psychological well-being in clients. 相似文献
235.
Writer's Cramp is a functional motor disorder classified as an occupational neurosis included under ICD-9 and under Other
specified neurotic disorders of uncertain etiology in ICD-10. It is exhibited while writing in the form of spasms, in-coordination,
pain, stiffness , and tension in muscles of fingers and hand of the writing arm; often spreading to lower and upper arm and
subsequently to shoulder girdle. In India it has been reported to be 5.4 per thousand among office workers in urban settings.
It has been treated differently by neurologists, psychiatrics and psychologists depending upon their views on its genesis.
Psychological intervention tends to involve therapeutic packages ranging from 20 to 50 sessions with elements from relaxation,
conditioning, reinforcement schedules and 'supinator' writing with abstinence from writing during the implementation of regime.
The present paper discusses the successful treatment of writer's cramp with brief cognitive behavior management without any
restrictions on writing 相似文献
236.
Forced termination of clergy involves constant negativity found in personal attacks and criticism from a small congregational
faction. The minister feels psychologically pressured to step down from the ministry position and this process is often demeaning
to the emotional and physical well-being of the minister. The prevalence of forced termination among clergy has ranged from
25% among many denominations to 41% among Assemblies of God ministers. Forced termination and its effects are serious problems
that have yet to be adequately addressed by scholars in social science research. The lack of scholarly research in this area
called for a large national study from a reputable research institution. This online study shows that 28% of ministers among
39 denominations experienced a forced termination. Forced termination was associated with high levels of depression, stress,
and physical health problems. Forced termination was also associated with low levels of self-efficacy, and self-esteem. 相似文献
237.
238.
This paper provides an in-depth, qualitative analysis of two Christian youth groups. Researchers conducted personal interviews
with participating youth and their youth ministers and collected extensive field notes on participant observations of youth
group events. Findings indicate the presence of youth group cliques with clear delineations about which participants are youth
group insiders and which are outsiders. Results show that insider participants are typically socioeconomically-advantaged
youth, while outsiders are typically youth from disadvantaged backgrounds. Despite the existence of these exclusionary practices
within both groups, leaders in the two cases demonstrate differing levels of awareness of and response to these dynamics.
This paper explores the specifics of both cases, illuminating who is targeted for exclusion within these groups and how this
targeting varies across the two congregational contexts. Implications of these findings are that religious youth groups may
perpetuate broader socioeconomic divisions. Specifically, the analysis reveals that rather than forming benign cliques, youth
group members may be discriminating against others based on their relative socioeconomic advantage. 相似文献
239.
Andrew Village 《Review of religious research》2012,54(2):175-196
The compensatory schema hypothesis (Hoffmann and Bartkowski, Soc Forces 86:1245–1272, 2008) has been used to explain why women
seem to have higher levels of biblical literalism than men in some Christian denominations. Based on social structuration
and gender theories, it proposes that biblical literalism is a key social schema in some denominations that deny women access
to institutional power. Women compensate for the lack of access to institutional social resources (leadership) by stressing
the accepted schema (literalism) more strongly than men. The theory was tested using two samples from the Church of England,
one lay (N = 394) and one ordained (N = 1,052). Laywomen were more literal than laymen among evangelicals and Anglo-catholics, where opposition to women’s ordination
is highest, but in both cases the difference was largely explained by differences in education levels between the sexes. Clergywomen,
with access to leadership resources, were less literal than clergymen in both Anglo-catholic and evangelical traditions. The
results offer rather weak support for the compensatory schema hypothesis, and alternative explanations of the findings are
discussed. 相似文献
240.
The illusion-of-transparency seems like an egocentric bias, in which people believe that their inner feelings, thoughts and
perspectives are more apparent to others than they actually are. In Experiment 1, participants read out true and false episodic memories to an audience. Participants over-estimated the number of people who would think that they were the liar, and they overestimated how many would correctly identify the liar. Experiment 2 found that with lessened task demands, and by using a scale of doubt, participants distinguished
lies from truthful statements (albeit with a degree of error). Over the two experiments, results indicated that people have
some ability to distinguish lies from truth (in illusion-of-transparency tasks), although people often overestimate this ability,
and participants sometimes think their own lies are easier to detect than is really the case. 相似文献