氟哌啶醇干扰决策过程中前扣带回神经元的放电活动

运用在体多通道神经元放电同步记录技术, 观察和记录大鼠在完成T-迷宫成本效益决策任务时前扣带回神经元放电和局部场电位的变化及氟哌啶醇对此的改变, 在细胞水平上探讨前扣带回在决策中的作用以及多巴胺递质系统对决策的作用机制。结果显示, 经过一段时间的训练, 10只大鼠中有8只偏好高付出-高奖赏端, 且在选择高付出-高奖赏端时的神经元放电频率要显著高于选择低付出-低奖赏端时的频率, 同时局部场电位也呈现出事件相关性; 腹腔注射多巴胺受体拮抗剂氟哌啶醇后, 大鼠不再偏好高付出-高奖赏端, 对该端的选择显著减少, 而对低付出-低奖赏端的选择显著增加, 且神经元的放电频率和局部场电位显著降低, 神经元放电和局部场电位的特征性也消失。研究提示, 前扣带回和多巴胺在努力相关决策任务中有着至关重要的作用。     

精神分裂症患者的记忆损害

摘 要 目的 探讨精神分裂症患者记忆损害状况。方法 采用修正的加工分离记忆实验程序,分别测试精神分裂症患者和正常对照组的记忆能力。结果 （1）精神分裂症患者外显记忆功能存在广泛的缺陷,而内隐记忆功能缺陷只在概念驱动下的测验中出现。（2）以阳性症状为主的精神分裂症患者的外显记忆成绩均高于以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症患者。(3)阴性症状严重程度与外显记忆成绩呈显著负相关。结论 精神分裂症患者的内隐记忆功能相对完整,而外显记忆障碍在以阴性症状为主的精神分裂症患者尤为突出。     

Quantified or nonquantified: How quantification affects consumers' motivation in goal pursuit

Being exposed to more data and devices with tracking functions than ever, quantification is concerned by an increasing number of consumers. The self‐reflection from data may raise consumers' awareness of their own goals to better modify their behaviors. This paper describes consumers' reaction to quantification and confirms its motivational effect in goal pursuit. First, we investigate the motivational effect of quantification and reveal its internal mechanism from the individual–community perspective. Results show that quantification can promote consumers' goal pursuit motivation. A quantified (vs. nonquantified) way to track progress in pursuit of a goal can strengthen consumers' self‐empowerment (individual level) and difference‐insight (community level), thus enhancing the goal pursuit motivation. Second, we explore the moderating effect of some factors on the motivational effect of quantification. Results confirm that self‐empowerment can be enhanced with high data–color consistency, and difference‐insight can be increased with low outcome–process consistency. Third, we identify the validity of various data presentation modes. Using the interactive progress framing (to date with to go) together with the several subunits mode to deliver data in different progress stages is found to be an effective way to promote consumers' goal pursuit motivation.     

Mirrors and Misleading Appearances

Although philosophers have often insisted that specular perception is illusory or erroneous in nature, few have stressed the reliability and indispensability of mirrors as optical instruments. The main goal of this paper is to explain how mirrors can contribute to knowledge and at the same time be a source of systematic errors and misleading appearances. To resolve this apparent paradox, I argue that mirrors do not generate perceptual illusions or misperceptions, by defending a view of mirrors as transparent and invisible visual media. I then consider the reasons for which mirrors are said to be misleading. Contrary to the illusory account, I defend a nonperceptual approach to the errors attributable to mirrors, which analyses the kind of errors generated by the use of mirrors in terms of false judgments. I further show that a nonperceptual view of errors extends to all of the cases in which a sensorimotor adaptation is required, such as perception through magnifying or inversing lenses.     

Randomized controlled trial of an applied behavior analytic intervention for food selectivity in children with autism spectrum disorder

Food selectivity is a common problem for children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD; Schreck, Williams, & Smith, 2004). Behavior‐analytic interventions have the most empirical support for feeding disorders (Sharp, Jaquess, Morton, & Miles, 2011). However, there are no randomized controlled trials that have evaluated its effects with a well‐defined cohort of children with ASD. In the current investigation, we randomly assigned 6 young children with ASD and food selectivity to either an applied behavior analytic intervention or a wait‐list control. We used a crossover randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of a multicomponent applied behavior analytic intervention on independent acceptance and mouth clean of 16 novel foods. We subsequently exposed the wait‐list control group to the intervention. We also evaluated the effects of the intervention on individual participants with single‐case designs. The percentage of independent acceptance and mouth clean increased for the applied behavior analytic intervention group, but not for the wait‐list control group until we implemented the intervention.     

信息提供者的先前准确性对幼儿选择性信任的影响

作为社会学习的个体,幼儿从3岁起就能根据信息提供者先前准确性的差异对其可信程度进行评估。通过对以往研究效应量的整理分析发现,随年龄增长,幼儿对高先前准确性信息提供者的信任程度表现出增长趋势（3岁幼儿选择的效应量中值为d_询问=0.60,d_赞同=0.61;4岁幼儿的效应量中值为d_询问=0.80,d_赞同=0.96）。在运用先前准确性进行评估时,幼儿主要关注信息提供者是否犯错,灵活使用"整体印象"和"特质推测"两种认知策略对其未来行为进行推测。幼儿能够根据自身对材料的感知对信息提供者的可信程度进行动态调整,其心理理论发展水平和执行功能限制了他们的选择信任,而信息提供者同时具有的社会性因素对幼儿的选择也具有干扰作用（幼儿信任准确的信息提供者的效应量中值为d_询问=-0.03,d_赞同=-0.17）。未来研究可以改进实验范式,进一步探查先前准确性对幼儿选择性信任的影响,拓展信息提供者的呈现方式和其它多重特征,关注不同类别的信息提供者。     

句法加工的脑机制

语言理解中,句法加工至关重要,它把各个意义单元以不同的方式整合起来,从而形成整体的意义表征。句法加工的脑机制是心理语言学比较关注的问题,目前由于ERP技术和功能成像技术的进步,使对这一机制的探讨成为可能。该文对有关句法加工的脑机制的研究进行了回顾与总结,并针对目前该领域存在的问题与争论进行了讨论     

早期儒家"礼"的宗教思想

"礼"是整个儒家思想的核心内容,是前现代中国社会人们思想、行为的最高规范,是维系社会生活的纽带.在早期儒家"礼"的体系中,充满了浓重的宗教信仰的思想.其信仰形态和过程,是由信仰天地、鬼神而推衍社会、人事的,並由此建构起一套完整的信仰系统,来指导人们的社会生活.三代"礼"学,表现出自发宗教的崇拜特征,春秋战国,人为宗教信仰贯穿到了"礼"学,形成了"神道设教"的"礼教",使得宗教与宗法、信仰与道德、神性与理性、理想与实践,趋向于和谐、统一.