影响学生体育学习情境兴趣的主因素研究

本研究以上海市中学生为研究对象,修订了中文版体育情境兴趣量表的信效度资料,构建了体育情境兴趣的模型结构,通过对被试学习过程中情境兴趣的测试与分析,揭示了影响学生体育学习情境兴趣的主因素及其相关关系。研究结果表明： 中文版体育情境兴趣量表具有良好的信度和效度,能较好地解释总体变量;相关与回归分析表明：即时愉悦感是激发体育学习情境兴趣的主要因素,而体育学习内容本身过高的新颖性和挑战性不利于情境兴趣的激发。     

Execution and pauses in writing narratives: processing time, cognitive effort and typing skill

At the behavioural level, the activity of a writer can be described as periods of typing separated by pauses. Although some studies have been concerned with the functions of pauses, few have investigated motor execution periods. Precise estimates of the distribution of writing processes, and their cognitive demands, across periods of typing and pauses are lacking. Furthermore, it is uncertain how typing skill affects these aspects of writing. We addressed these issues, selecting writers of low and high typing skill who performed dictation and composition tasks. The occurrences of writing processes were assessed through directed verbalization, and their cognitive demands were measured through interference in reaction times (IRT). Before writing a narrative, 34 undergraduates learned to categorize examples of introspective thoughts as different types of activities related to writing (planning, translating, or revising). Then, while writing, they responded to random auditory probes, and reported their ongoing activity according to the learned categories. Convergent with previous findings, translating was most often reported, and revising and planning had fewer occurrences. Translating was mostly activated during motor execution, whereas revising and planning were mainly activated during pauses. However, none of the writing processes can be characterized as being typical of pauses, since translating was activated to a similar extent as the other two processes. Regarding cognitive demands, revising is likely to be the most demanding process in narrative writing. Typing skill had an impact on IRTs of motor execution. The demands of execution were greater in the low than in the high typing skill group, but these greater demands did not affect the strategy of writing processes activation. Nevertheless, low typing skill had a detrimental impact on text quality.     

Age-related positivity enhancement is not universal: older Chinese look away from positive stimuli

Socioemotional selectivity theory postulates that with age, people are motivated to derive emotional meaning from life, leading them to pay more attention to positive relative to negative/neutral stimuli. The authors argue that cultures that differ in what they consider to be emotionally meaningful may show this preference to different extents. Using eye-tracking techniques, the authors compared visual attention toward emotional (happy, fearful, sad, and angry) and neutral facial expressions among 46 younger and 57 older Hong Kong Chinese. In contrast to prior Western findings, older but not younger Chinese looked away from happy facial expressions, suggesting that they do not show attentional preferences toward positive stimuli.     

冯特的宗教心理学思想研究

在进化论思想指导下,冯特从心理学角度对宗教的起源、发展、本质等诸问题进行了分析.他认为:宗教起源于由死亡和疾病带来的恐惧;经历了魔鬼崇拜、图腾崇拜、英雄和诸神崇拜以及人性宗教四个发展阶段;宗教在本质上是人类高级心理活动的产物,是民族智慧的结晶,其发展符合民族心理发展的一般规律;宗教和其他文化现象之间有着极为密切的联系.他的研究不仅丰富了宗教人类学理论,而且对宗教心理学的发展具有深远的影响.     

"礼失求诸野"义疏

本文认为"礼失求诸野"是儒家的一项文化开放主张,通过历史疏证,可知其适用范围很广,并由此形成中国文化发展与整合互动的机制,即以民间文化丰富经典文化,以四夷或域外文化充实中国文化,反之,经典文化则对民间和四夷文化进行整合,从而既保持中国文化的主体性,又蕴含着生生不息的发展张力.     

罗杰斯与老子的人性观比较研究

西方人本主义理论的代表人物罗杰斯与道家的创始人老子的理论对人性的观点有很多相似之处,这种相似的人性观主要表现在他们对人的基本动机的理解之上,这两个基本动机分别为实现倾向性和复归倾向性。该文通过比较这两种基本动机,探讨罗杰斯与老子的人性观的相似点与不同点。     

茅山炼师张绍英

江苏丹阳历史上释道人物很多.佛教中有法融者开创牛头禅宗而名闻天下;道教中有韦景昭、吴法通、汤志道、翟志颖四人先后入主茅山,并跻身上清派宗师之列.此外,北宋时还有一个丹阳籍高道,隐于茅山修炼而闻名遐迩,他就是宋仁宗屡诏不出的明真先生张绍英.     

不同阅读水平儿童中央执行系统比较研究

本研究通过两部分实验探讨汉语发展性阅读障碍儿童与正常儿童中央执行系统的容量差异和这种差异的性质。通过比较匹配生理年龄的不同阅读水平儿童在自定步速和固定步速的复杂阅读广度测验中的成绩,发现发展性阅读障碍儿童在两种阅读广度测验中都表现出中央执行系统容量的缺陷,这种缺陷既不能用加工效率理论,也不能用资源分配理论来解释,而符合一般容量假设。因此,本研究支持发展性阅读障碍儿童存在实时加工和存储信息的一般容量缺陷。     

Contextual effects on number-time interaction

Time perception has long been known to be affected by numerical representations. Recent studies further demonstrate that when participants estimate the duration of Arabic numbers, number magnitude, though task-irrelevant, biases duration judgment to produce underestimation for smaller numbers and overestimation for larger numbers. Such effects were found in the present study to be significantly reduced when a weight unit gram was suffixed to the numbers rendering the mental magnitude differences between different numbers less distinctive. The effects were enhanced when a different unit kilogram was suffixed to the numbers enlarging the perceived magnitude differences between different numbers. The results indicate that effects of number magnitude on duration estimation should not be attributed to the mathematical differences between numbers but to how the numbers are perceived to differ from each other in magnitude in specific contexts when they denote concrete items. The results also provide new evidence for the theoretical proposal of a common generalized magnitude system and indicate that the system must be extended to include other action-oriented magnitudes, such as weight.     

先验哲学的超验意境——从《夜之颂》看诺瓦利斯的独特精神诉求

《夜之颂》是德国早期浪漫主义作家诺瓦利斯的代表作。在这篇作品中,他将夜的概念引申到哲学和宗教范畴中,通过本体超验,勾画出夜精神不朽的宗教寓意和现实寓意。超验是这部作品的点睛之笔,作者通过体验夜的不同意境,表达了内心世界对完美精神的追求。