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851.
Item calibration is an essential issue in modern item response theory based psychological or educational testing. Due to the
popularity of computerized adaptive testing, methods to efficiently calibrate new items have become more important than that
in the time when paper and pencil test administration is the norm. There are many calibration processes being proposed and
discussed from both theoretical and practical perspectives. Among them, the online calibration may be one of the most cost
effective processes. In this paper, under a variable length computerized adaptive testing scenario, we integrate the methods
of adaptive design, sequential estimation, and measurement error models to solve online item calibration problems. The proposed
sequential estimate of item parameters is shown to be strongly consistent and asymptotically normally distributed with a prechosen
accuracy. Numerical results show that the proposed method is very promising in terms of both estimation accuracy and efficiency.
The results of using calibrated items to estimate the latent trait levels are also reported. 相似文献
852.
本文利用台湾社会变迁调查数据对华人社会中宗教信仰与公共参与进行了分析.总体上,宗教信仰有助于人们的捐献行为和志愿行动这两类公共参与形式.虽然不同宗教信仰的信徒在公共参与方面存在着程度的差异,但是这种差异在控制信徒与宗教的组织性整合程度后变得不显著.有研究认为东方宗教的功利性格无助于提升民众公共参与,但我们的分析并不支持这一观点.组织程度高的中国传统教派与基督教在促进信徒公共参与方面水平相仿,但在自认为是佛教徒的被访者中,有明确宗派归属的佛教徒与无宗派归属的信众,在公共参与行为上存在的显著差异.这意味着造成差异的原因不在于其教义来自东方还是西方,而在于宗教的组织化程度.只要能够促进教徒之间的交流与交往、加强教徒与组织之间的联系、并通过必要的集体仪式和活动增加教徒对于宗教的认同,就可能提升信徒的公共参与水平. 相似文献
853.
冠脉介入治疗是近几十年来发展迅速的一种治疗方法,使用该技术的数量在不断增长,但同时也存在着过度使用的情况。患者的主观意愿、医生过度追求经济效益、介入治疗适应证扩大等是其主要原因。加强宣传教育、完善卫生管理制度,提高医生职业道德修养、制定严格的冠脉介入治疗指南才能科学合理地应用介入治疗造福冠心病患者。 相似文献
854.
机械通气是近年来抢救呼吸衰竭患者的重要生命支持手段,但使用呼吸机的时间超过2周可导致撤机困难。本文详细分析了诸如心理障碍、营养不良、心肺功能不全以及撤机方法不当等各种可导致困难撤机的原因,并针对各个原因提出相应的治疗及护理对策,从而降低临床上困难撤机的发生率。 相似文献
855.
856.
该研究采用《初中生心理健康问卷》和《应付方式问卷》,对496名"5.12"汶川大地震民族地区的初中生心理健康水平和应付方式进行了调查。结果发现:1)灾区民族初中生的心理健康得分较高,各因子相关性较强;2)性别和年级方面大部分心理健康因子差异显著;3)应付方式各因子间呈显著低相关;4)解决问题、自责、幻想等应付方式对震后民族地区初中生的心理健康有显著预测作用。 相似文献
857.
858.
<正>11月9日至13日(农历十月初四至初八),即道教传统的三会日期间(正月初五上会,七月初七中会,十月初五下会),中国内地正一道授箓活动在江西龙虎山嗣汉天师府隆重举行。来自内地19个省、自治区、直辖市的237名箓生参加了授箓活动。此次授箓活动由中国道教 相似文献
859.
Zhou EI Lu Z Li X Li T Papola TS Pais J Sahu PP 《International journal of psychology》2010,45(5):360-370
Emerging economies by definition tend to be less dependent on expatriate skills and labour than lower-income countries, yet remuneration (pay plus benefits) differences between expatriate and local workers persist in them to some degree. According to relative deprivation theory, economic development paradoxically elevates the salience of relatively small gaps in remuneration. We therefore expected workers to report injustice and demotivation regarding relative remuneration, despite the closing of remuneration gaps between expatriate and local workers due to the economic development of recent years. To explore that possibility, 482 skilled professionals from a variety of sectors and organizations in two emerging economies, India (n = 233, response rate = 54%) and China (n = 249, response rate = 58%), participated in the research. International salaries were greater than local salaries by a factor of 2.73:1 in India and 1.90:1 in China; these mean ratios bordered on intolerable in the India sample and were largely tolerable among the sample from China. In both countries, differently remunerated workers differed in their justice cognitions and their demotivation, with lowered motivation and fewer justice cognitions in the locally salaried, local workers. These differences were however more statistically significant between people working in India than in China. Insofar as the motivational and justice gaps persisted, the findings support relative deprivation theory. Insofar as the same gaps appear to be sharper in the country with the higher-not lower-mean remuneration differential, they do not. An in-country workshop with local experts who interpreted the findings (in India), and content analysis of the participants' recommendations (in China) jointly recommended linking remuneration to (i) workplace performance instead of (ii) economy-of-origin, to help promote (iii) fairness. 相似文献
860.
A fundamental issue for theories of human induction is to specify constraints on potential inferences. For inferences based on shared category membership, an analogy, and/or a relational schema, it appears that the basic goal of induction is to make accurate and goal-relevant inferences that are sensitive to uncertainty. People can use source information at various levels of abstraction (including both specific instances and more general categories), coupled with prior causal knowledge, to build a causal model for a target situation, which in turn constrains inferences about the target. We propose a computational theory in the framework of Bayesian inference and test its predictions (parameter-free for the cases we consider) in a series of experiments in which people were asked to assess the probabilities of various causal predictions and attributions about a target on the basis of source knowledge about generative and preventive causes. The theory proved successful in accounting for systematic patterns of judgments about interrelated types of causal inferences, including evidence that analogical inferences are partially dissociable from overall mapping quality. 相似文献