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961.
Two experiments employed experience sampling to examine the factors associated with a prospective and retrospective focus during mind wandering. Experiment One explored the contribution of working memory and indicated that participants generally prospect when the task does not require continuous monitoring. Experiment Two demonstrated that in the context of reading, interest in what was read suppressed both past and future-related task-unrelated-thought. Moreover, in disinterested individuals the temporal focus during mind wandering depended on the amount of experience with the topic matter—less experienced individuals tended to prospect, while more experienced individuals tended to retrospect. Together these results suggest that during mind wandering participants’ are inclined to prospect as long as the task does not require their undivided attention and raise the intriguing possibility that autobiographical associations with the current task environment have the potential to cue the disinterested mind. 相似文献
962.
963.
Laurie Beth Feldman Patrick A. O’Connor Fermín Moscoso del Prado Martín 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2009,16(4):684-691
Many studies have suggested that a word’s orthographic form must be processed before its meaning becomes available. Some interpret
the (null) finding of equal facilitation after semantically transparent and opaque morphologically related primes in early
stages of morphological processing as consistent with this view. Recent literature suggests that morphological facilitation
tends to be greater after transparent than after opaque primes, however. To determine whether the degree of semantic transparency
influences parsing into a stem and a suffix (morphological decomposition) in the forward masked priming variant of the lexical
decision paradigm, we compared patterns of facilitation between semantically transparent (e.g., coolant—cool) and opaque (e.g., rampant—ramp) prime—target pairs. Form properties of the stem (frequency, neighborhood size, and prime—target letter overlap), as well
as related—unrelated and transparent—opaque affixes, were matched. Morphological facilitation was significantly greater for
semantically transparent pairs than for opaque pairs. Ratings of prime—target relatedness predicted the magnitude of facilitation.
The results limit the scope of form-then-meaning models of word recognition and demonstrate that semantic similarity can influence
even early stages of morphological processing. The research reported here was supported by National Institute of Child Health
and Development Grant HD-01994 to Haskins Laboratories. 相似文献
964.
Jennie Louise 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2009,12(4):345-364
The ‘Wrong Kind of Reason’ problem for buck-passing theories (theories which hold that the normative is explanatorily or conceptually
prior to the evaluative) is to explain why the existence of pragmatic or strategic reasons for some response to an object
does not suffice to ground evaluative claims about that object. The only workable reply seems to be to deny that there are reasons of the ‘wrong kind’ for responses, and to argue that these are really reasons for wanting, trying, or intending to
have that response. In support of this, it is pointed out that awareness of pragmatic or strategic considerations, unlike
awareness of reasons of the ‘right kind’, are never sufficient by themselves to produce the responses for which they are reasons.
I argue that this phenomenon cannot be used as a criterion for distinguishing reasons-for-a-response from reasons-for-wanting-to-have-a-response.
I subsequently investigate the possibility of basing this distinction on a claim that the responses in question (e.g. admiration
or desire) are themselves inherently normative; I conclude that this approach is also unsuccessful. Hence, the ‘direct response’
phenomenon cannot be used to rule out the possibility of pragmatic or strategic reasons for responses; and the rejection of
such reasons therefore cannot be used to circumvent the Wrong Kind of Reason Problem.
相似文献
Jennie LouiseEmail: |
965.
Tolga Könik Paul O’Rorke Dan Shapiro Dongkyu Choi Negin Nejati Pat Langley 《Cognitive Systems Research》2009,10(3):270-285
In this paper, we present an approach to transfer that involves analogical mapping of symbols across different domains. We relate this mechanism to Icarus, a theory of the human cognitive architecture. Our system can transfer skills across domains hypothesizing maps between representations, improving performance in novel domains. Unlike previous approaches to analogical transfer, our method uses an explanatory analysis that compares how well a new domain theory explains previous solutions under different mapping hypotheses. We present experimental evidence that the new mechanism improves transfer over Icarus’ basic learning processes. Moreover, we argue that the same features which distinguish Icarus from other architectures support representation mapping in a natural way and operate synergistically with it. These features enable our analogy system to translate a map among concepts into a map between skills, and to support transfer even if two domains are only partially analogous. We also discuss our system’s relation to other work on analogy and outline directions for future research. 相似文献
966.
Diagnosing students’ misconceptions in algebra: Results from an experimental pilot study 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Computer-based diagnostic assessment systems hold potential to help teachers identify sources of poor performance and to connect
teachers and students to learning activities designed to help advance students’ conceptual understandings. The present article
presents findings from a study that examined how students’ performance in algebra and their overcoming of common algebraic
misconceptions were affected by the use of a diagnostic assessment system that focused on important algebra concepts. This
study used a four-group randomized cluster trial design in which teachers were assigned randomly to one of four groups: a
“business as usual” control group, a partial intervention group that was provided with access to diagnostic tests results,
a partial intervention group that was provided with access to the learning activities, and a full intervention group that
was given access to the test results and learning activities. Data were collected from 905 students (6th–12th grade) nested
within 44 teachers. We used hierarchical linear modeling techniques to compare the effects of full, partial, and no (control)
intervention on students’ algebraic ability and misconceptions. The analyses indicate that full intervention had a net positive
effect on ability and misconception measures. 相似文献
967.
Vivien Runnels Elizabeth Hay Elyse Sevigny Paddi O’Hara 《Journal of Academic Ethics》2009,7(1-2):57-68
This paper focuses on some of the ethical issues which may arise when conducting research in the context of homelessness. These issues are considered from the viewpoints of researchers, research coordinators and interviewers, drawing from their extensive real world experience. In addition to negotiating the complex context of homelessness, community-based homelessness researchers need to address a number of ethical issues in research conception, design, implementation and dissemination. Although these issues are commonly considered in community-engaged research, research with people who are homeless may raise exceptional challenges. Such challenges include determining the nature of informed consent; protecting research participants and researchers, and determining appropriate compensation for participation. Understanding the context of homelessness to conduct ethical research will require sharing information and joint decision-making, processes that must include members of communities within which the research participants live. Furthermore, researchers should be sensitive to the changing context of homelessness, and vigilant for new ethical challenges. 相似文献
968.
Toon Leroy Mitchell Silva Rudi D’Hooge Jean-Marie Aerts Daniel Berckmans 《Behavior research methods》2009,41(1):148-153
In this article, an automated and accurate mouse observation method, based on a conventional test for motor function evaluation,
is outlined. The proposed measurement technique was integrated in a regular open-field test, where the trajectory and locomotion
of a free-moving mouse were measured simultaneously. The system setup consisted of a transparent cage and a camera placed
below it with its lens pointing upward, allowing for images to be captured from underneath the cage while the mouse was walking
on the transparent cage floor. Thus, additional information was obtained about the position of the limbs of the mice for gait
reconstruction. In a first step, the camera was calibrated as soon as it was fixed in place. A linear calibration factor,
relating distances in image coordinates to real-world dimensions, was determined. In a second step, the mouse was located
and its body contour segmented from the image by subtracting a previously taken “background” image of the empty cage from
the camera image. In a third step, the movement of the mouse was analyzed and its speed estimated from its location in the
past few images. If the speed was above a 1-sec threshold, the mouse was recognized to be running, and the image was further
processed for footprint recognition. In a fourth step, color filtering was applied within the recovered mouse region to measure
the position of the mouse’s paws, which were visible in the image as small pink spots. Paws that were detected at the same
location in a number of subsequent images were kept as footprints—that is, paws in contact with the cage floor. The footprints
were classified by their position relative to the mouse’s outline as corresponding to the front left or right paw or the hind
left or right paw. Finally, eight parameters were calculated from the footprint pattern to describe the locomotion of the
mouse: right/left overlap, front/hind base, right/left front limb stride, and right/left hind limb stride. As an application,
the system was tested using normal mice and mice displaying pentobarbital-induced ataxia. The footprint parameters measured
using the proposed system showed differences of 10% to 20% between normal and ataxic mice. 相似文献
969.