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121.
This study examined the influence of depression on error-monitoring and behavioral compensation after errors, two important aspects of cognitive control. Undergraduates differing in self-reported depression levels completed a modified Stroop task while error-related scalp potentials were recorded. Behaviorally, participants with higher depression scores were disproportionately slower and less accurate after errors in a task condition that included negative emotional words. Physiological results indicated that the amplitudes of the error-related negativity (ERN) and error positivity (Pe), two indices of error detection, were not correlated with depression score. ERN amplitudes predicted behavioral slowdown after errors, but only among more depressed participants in the negative-word condition. Together, the results imply that depression is associated not with an error detection deficit, but rather with alterations in subsequent performance changes, once errors have been identified. 相似文献
122.
Jennie Louise 《Ethical Theory and Moral Practice》2006,9(1):65-85
In this paper I look at attempts to develop forms of consequentialism which do not have a feature considered problematic in Direct Consequentialist theories (that is, those consequentialist theories that apply the criterion of rightness directly in the evaluation of any set of options). The problematic feature in question (which I refer to as ‘evaluative conflict’) is the possibility that, for example, a right motive might lead an agent to perform a wrong act. Theories aiming to avoid this phenomenon must argue that causal relationship entails motives and acts (for example) having the same moral status. I argue that attempts to ensure such ‘evaluative consistency’ are themselves deeply problematic, and that we must therefore accept evaluative conflict. 相似文献
123.
Compton RJ Carp J Chaddock L Fineman SL Quandt LC Ratliff JB 《Brain and cognition》2007,64(3):247-256
This study tested the prediction that the error-related negativity (ERN), a physiological measure of error monitoring, would be enhanced in anxious individuals, particularly in conditions with threatening cues. Participants made gender judgments about faces whose expressions were either happy, angry, or neutral. Replicating prior studies, midline scalp negativities were greater following errors than following correct responses. In addition, state anxiety interacted with facial expression to predict ERN amplitudes. Counter to predictions, participants high in state anxiety displayed smaller ERNs for angry-face blocks and larger ERNs for happy-face blocks, compared to less anxious participants. These results are inconsistent with the simple notion that anxiety enhances error sensitivity globally. Rather, we interpret the findings within an expectancy violation framework, in which anxious participants have altered expectations for success and failure in the context of happy and angry facial cues, with greater ERN amplitudes when expectations are violated. 相似文献
124.
Wilkins AJ Smith J Willison CK Beare T Boyd A Hardy G Mell L Peach C Harper S 《Perception》2007,36(12):1788-1803
In a series of eight studies it is shown that the first peak in the horizontal autocorrelation of the image of a word (which captures the similarity in shape between the neighbouring strokes of letters) determines (i) the appearance of the words as striped; (ii) the speed with which the words are read, both aloud and silently; and (iii) the speed with which a paragraph of text can be searched. By subtly distorting the horizontal dimension of text, and thereby reducing the first peak in the horizontal autocorrelation, it is shown that the speed of word recognition can be increased. The increase in speed is greater in poor readers. 相似文献
125.
Outcomes for cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT) in randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have rarely been compared to those in routine clinical practice. Taking the case of CBT for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), we evaluated the results of a successful RCT against those of the same treatment given in the same setting as part of routine practice. Fatigue and social adjustment scores were compared for patients who received CBT for CFS as part of a RCT (N=30) and patients who received CBT as part of everyday clinical practice (N=384). The results in the RCT were superior to those in routine clinical practice. Between pre-treatment and 6-month follow-up, the RCT showed a larger reduction in fatigue and greater improvement in social adjustment than those in routine treatment. The changes in fatigue scores were similar for both groups during treatment but were greater in the RCT between post-treatment and follow-up. Potential reasons for the superior results of the RCT include patient selection, therapist factors and the use of a manualised treatment protocol. Practitioners need to pay particular attention to relapse prevention and ensuring adequate follow-up in addition to encouraging patients to continue with cognitive-behavioural strategies once treatment has ended. 相似文献
126.
Gillian Rhodes Louise Ewing William G. Hayward Daphne Maurer Catherine J. Mondloch James W. Tanaka 《British journal of psychology (London, England : 1953)》2009,100(4):717-728
Other‐race faces are generally recognized more poorly than own‐race faces. There has been a long‐standing interest in the extent to which differences in contact contribute to this other‐race effect (ORE). Here, we examined the effect of contact on two distinct aspects of face memory, memory for configuration and for components, both of which are better for own‐race than other‐race faces. Configural and component memory were measured using recognition memory tests with intact study faces and blurred (isolates memory for configuration) and scrambled (isolates memory for components) test faces, respectively. Our participants were a large group of ethnically Chinese individuals who had resided in Australia for varying lengths of time, from a few weeks to 26 years. We found that time in a Western country significantly (negatively) predicted the size of the ORE for configural, but not component, memory. There was also a trend for earlier age of arrival to predict smaller OREs in configural, but not component, memory. These results suggest that memory for configural information in other‐race faces improves with experience with such faces. However, as found for recognition memory generally, the contact effects were small, indicating that other factors must play a substantial role in cross‐race differences in face memory. 相似文献
127.
In five experiments, rehearsal and recall phenomena were examined using the free recall and immediate serial recall (ISR)
tasks. In Experiment 1, participants were presented with lists of eight words, were precued or postcued to respond using free
recall or ISR, and rehearsed out loud during presentation. The patterns of rehearsal were similar in all the conditions, and
there was little difference between recall in the precued and postcued conditions. In Experiment 2, both free recall and ISR
were sensitive to word length and presentation rate and showed similar patterns of rehearsal. In Experiment 3, both tasks
were sensitive to word length and articulatory suppression. The word length effects generalized to 6-item (Experiment 4) and
12-item (Experiment 5) lists. These findings suggest that the two tasks are underpinned by highly similar rehearsal and recall
processes. 相似文献
128.
Paul D. Hastings Isabel Fortier William T. Utendale Louise R. Simard Philippe Robaey 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(4):565-578
Disruptions to hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function have been associated with varying forms of psychopathology
in children. Studies suggesting children with ADHD have blunted HPA function have been complicated by the prevalence of comorbid
diagnoses and heterogeneity of ADHD. The goals of this research were to assess the relations between waking and stress–response
salivary cortisol levels and comorbid disruptive behavior (DBD) and anxiety (AnxD) disorders and problems in boys with ADHD,
and to examine whether cortisol levels varied across ADHD subtypes. One hundred seventy elementary school-age boys with ADHD
provided salivary cortisol at waking and in reaction to venipuncture. Parent reports were used to assess boys’ psychiatric
diagnoses and severity of behavioral problems. Boys’ comorbid AnxD and anxiety problems were associated with greater cortisol
reactivity, whereas boys’ comorbid DBD and oppositional problems predicted diminished adrenocortical activity. Reactive cortisol
increases were greatest in boys with ADHD and comorbid AnxD, but without DBD. ADHD subtypes were not differentially associated
with waking, pre-stress baseline, or reactive cortisol levels. However, comorbid DBD predicted decreased cortisol reactivity
in boys with inattentive and hyperactive subtypes of ADHD, but not in boys with combined subtype of ADHD. The results clarify
previous patterns of distinct and divergent dysregulations of HPA function associated with boys’ varying kinds of psychopathology.
相似文献
Paul D. HastingsEmail: |
129.
Goal-setting and mental effort investment may be influenced by the perception of success or failure. The aim of the current
study was to investigate the dynamics of motivational intensity model using false performance feedback. Forty participants
performed a demanding cognitive task over five successive (5 min) blocks. Participants received performance feedback of either
progressive success or progressive failure. A number of psychophysiological variables were used to index mental effort investment
and emotion, including: HRV components, blood pressure, skin conductance level, EEG, and facial EMG. Subjective estimates
of mood, workload and motivation were also collected alongside performance measures. The success group experienced positive
affect and a less pronounced decline in subjective motivation in response to a perception of successful achievement. In contrast,
feedback of failure led to adverse changes in mood/motivation, but did not lead to the absolute withdrawal of effort, although
trends in the psychophysiological data suggest that participants in the failure group were on the verge of abandoning the
task. The implications of these findings are discussed within the context of goal-setting and effort regulation models. 相似文献
130.
Two experiments employed experience sampling to examine the factors associated with a prospective and retrospective focus during mind wandering. Experiment One explored the contribution of working memory and indicated that participants generally prospect when the task does not require continuous monitoring. Experiment Two demonstrated that in the context of reading, interest in what was read suppressed both past and future-related task-unrelated-thought. Moreover, in disinterested individuals the temporal focus during mind wandering depended on the amount of experience with the topic matter—less experienced individuals tended to prospect, while more experienced individuals tended to retrospect. Together these results suggest that during mind wandering participants’ are inclined to prospect as long as the task does not require their undivided attention and raise the intriguing possibility that autobiographical associations with the current task environment have the potential to cue the disinterested mind. 相似文献