Irrational Beliefs, Interpersonal Perception and Marital Adjustment

To test the hypothesis that the major evaluative beliefs postulated by Rational-Emotive Behaviour Therapy are related to marital adjustment, 50 married couples completed the Dyadic Adjustment Scale (DAS) and the Survey of Personal Beliefs (SPB). Significant correlations were found between DAS scores and three subscales (Other directed shoulds, Low frustration tolerance and Self worth) of the SPB. On the interpersonal dimension of assumed similarity, females in the high dyadic adjustment group were better able to predict their spouses' awfulizing, low frustration tolerance and self-worth beliefs than were females in the low adjustment group. However, the present study offers only limited support for the hypothesis that interpersonal perception of irrational evaluative beliefs is related to marital adjustment.     

Distributive Justice in Competitive Access to Intercollegiate Athletic Teams Segregated by Sex

A theory of justice for the basic structure of society may constrain though not directly govern colleges. The principle of "equal opportunity" commonly applied to jobs either does or does not apply to varsity opportunities. If it applies, it interdicts sex discrimination but, one fallacious argument notwithstanding, it states no obligation to expend resources on new teams. If it does not apply, an analogue of Rawls's difference principle may appropriately constrain inequalities between the sexes. In either case the preferences of a majority of the sex affected by any inequality are pivotal in fashioning any tenable distributive policy. Those preferences are neglected by a government policy that assimilates equal opportunity to equality of (i) the ratio of male:female varsity athletes and (ii) the ratio of male:female students. It is argued that such policy rests on affirming the consequent. Its effects include misallocations of resources and overvaluation of athletics. It is argued that what should approximately be equal is competitive access, the ratio of available positions to aspirants, for each sex. Two versions of a principle of equal competitive access are proposed, the recommended one of which pertains to teams whose net consumption of resources is positive.     

Two youths who clutter, but is that the only similarity?

This article describes the clinical profile of two youngsters who clutter. Although both subjects share key characteristics, they differ in other respects. As we gain more systematic information on the nature and symptomatology of cluttering, we may conclude that it is not a homogeneous but a heterogeneous phenomenon.     

Suppression of emotional and neutral material

Previous studies have indicated that suppression of a thought results in an immediate increase of the frequency of this thought and/or in a rebound effect, i.e. in a heightened frequency of this thought later on. The present study (n = 53) examined the relationship between suppression and emotionality of the to-be-suppressed material. More specifically, it was investigated whether suppression of an emotional story results in stronger immediate enhancement or thought rebounds than suppression of a neutral story. There was a clear initial enhancement effect in the group suppressing a neutral story: subjects who tried to suppress experienced more target thoughts than subjects who did not try to suppress. In the neutral-story conditions, no rebound effect occurred. In the groups exposed to an emotional story, there was neither evidence of initial enhancement nor of a rebound. As most obsessions are related to emotional themes, the present findings cast doubt on the claim that the rebound phenomenon represents a valid laboratory model for clinical obsessions.     

Effects of matches and mismatches in agoraphobic and neutral situations

An experiment was conducted to investigate the generalizability of Rachman's match/mismatch model and to explore if environmental conditions affect the consequences of an underprediction. Twenty subjects walked around in agoraphobic, and 15 did so in neutral, situations. Both groups carried a walkman and 7 aversive human screams were administered to them at random times. The results gave strong support to previous investigations on matches and mismatches, but no differences were shown between agoraphobic and neutral situations. Possible explanations are discussed.     

Phonological and motoric demands in handwriting: evidence for discrete transmission of information

In an experiment with handwriting tasks effects of phonological and motoric task factors upon reaction time and movement time were measured to test implications of a discrete information processing account of the task. The model is built up of serially organized stages, each of which monitors one specific type of operation, necessary to generate a message. The serial structure of the model is defined as the limitation that higher levels of the model provide their output to the next lower processor in the hierarchy, and receive their input from the next higher stage. The parallel character of the model is exemplified through the assumption that all processors are active at the same time and concurrently with the real time production of writing movements. The study adds evidence that a serial architecture of processors can be compatible with the parallel processing of a message as long as more abstract operations are prepared more in advance to real-time movements than operations lower in the hierarchy. In the experiment the prediction was tested that the time course of the manifestation of phonological and motoric task demands reflects the discrete and serial structure of the model.     

Arm-tracking performance with and without visual feedback in children and adults: developmental changes

Tracking performance was investigated in children (aged 6-7 and 10-11) and in adult subjects. Target signals, moving unpredictably along a straight line, were tracked with the preferred arm, alternately with and without visual feedback. Qualitative observations indicate that tracking is based on continuous adjustments of the ongoing response to the continuously changing target position. No step-and-hold strategy could be detected in any of the three age groups. Tracking performance was described with four simple parameters, derived from linear systems analysis: (a) the delay between target signal and tracking movement (DL); (b) performance at the low-frequency range (LF), (c) performance at the high-frequency range (HF); and (d) a measure of tracking quality or overall similarity in the shape of target signal and tracking movement (Q). There was a considerable improvement in tracking performance with age, even after the age of 10-11, which was mainly demonstrated by a decrease in DL and increases in HF and Q. Tracking performance decreased only to a small extent when visual feedback was withdrawn. Age-related differences in the contribution of visual feedback to tracking performance could not be demonstrated.     

Episodic memory in dementia of the alzheimer type and in normal ageing: Similar impairment in automatic processing

A perceptual identification task was used to provide an implicit measure for automatic memory processes. The facilitation of word identification on repeated presentation is taken as a measure of the automatic retrieval of an episode. In addition, recognition memory was tested. The recognition task is an explicit test of memory and relies mainly on controlled processing. In the first experiment 11 patients suffering from probable Alzheimer disease and 11 normal age- and sex-matched controls were tested. Both groups exhibited a rather small facilitation effect (ca 7%) but did not differ in the size of the effect. However, when tested explicitly, a difference in recognition memory existed between the two groups. In the second experiment the performance of 11 normal young subjects was compared to that of 11 normal elderly subjects. Whereas the elderly group showed a small facilitation effect similar to that observed in the first experiment, a considerable facilitation effect was found for the young group. Also, the elderly group had poorer recognition memory than the young group.     

New models in research and design: New concepts of unity in planning and policy-making

Van Lohuizen’s ideal of unity, must above all be seen as a challenge to attain the necessary integration of planning, research, and design to meet the requirements of a changing society. Though Van Lohuizen's ideas were influenced strongly by the rational and technical principles of the CIAM, he saw technology as a means to an end in an approach that is primarily based on humans and culture. In the ideas of Van Lohuizen, different dimensions can be traced. New developments in these dimensions are discussed in the article. There is no lack of innovative ideas and methods. Nearly all the ideas and methods discussed were developed in the forties, fifties, or sixties. On the basis of the incubation period required for introduction on a wider scale, it is now time for them to find greater favor with society. Following the years of a no-nonsense policy, it seems that in many fields there is a new need for a wider, more qualitative approach. Ron van Eck studied architecture and management research at the University of Technology of Delft. He is working at the RIW—Research Institute of the Department of Architecture at the University of Technology of Delft, and at the Network for Spatial Organisation in Amsterdam.