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41.
42.
Adult Attachment Styles, the Desire to Have Children, and Working Models of Parenthood 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
W. Rholes Rholes Jeffry A. Simpson Barbara S. Blakely Leigh Lanigan Elizabeth A. Allen 《Journal of personality》1997,65(2):357-385
ABSTRACT College students who had yet to marry and begin a family were asked about their desire to have children and their beliefs and expectations about themselves as parents (Study 1) and the characteristics of their prospective children (Study 2). Persons with more avoidant and anxious-ambivalent models of close adult relationships harbored more negative models of parent-hood and parent-child relationships. These findings indicate that working models of parenting and parent-child relationships form well before marriage and the birth of children and that these models are systematically associated with attachment styles in adult relationships. The findings also suggest ways in which insecure attachments between child and parent may be influenced by the caregiver's models of parenting and parent-child relationships. 相似文献
43.
In his writings on teaching, Isreal Scheffler has argued for the close connection between teaching and reason, an argument which can be summarized by, Teaching is. . an initiation into open rational discussion. This essay examines Schefflier's thesis in the light of criticisms drawn from feminist writings on teaching. It is argued that Scheffler's thesis is consistent with a view of teaching in which it can be achieved through kindness, good example and the efficacy of unconscious imitation, characteristics of the private, reproductive processes typical of women. It is then argued that Scheffler's concept of teaching is compatible with views of education that try to do justice to both reason and emotion, mind and feeling. 相似文献
44.
The current literature suggests that individuals who chronically abuse alcohol exhibit a wide variety of cognitive deficits
resulting from cerebral dysfunction that is either directly or indirectly related to their alcohol consumption history. Cognitive
deficits have been hypothesized as having implications for standard alcohol treatment efficacy as they may directly affect
cognitively impaired individuals’ abilities to utilize various treatment modalities. Although evidence is accumulating that
suggests this is actually the case, the majority of alcohol treatment programs neither directly consider the impact cognitive
deficits have on treatment efficacy nor do they employ cognitive rehabilitation treatment strategies to remediate identified
cognitive deficits. Few studies exist that investigate the remediability of neurobehavioral deficits or the efficacy of integrating
cognitive rehabilitation strategies into more traditional treatment programs. Empirical investigations conducted to date indicate
that some cognitive deficiencies secondary to alcoholism are amenable to cognitive rehabilitation and this remediation is
generalizable. Rigorous well-controlled treatment outcome investigations are needed in order to determine the efficacy of
cognitive rehabilitation techniques in naturalistic settings using ecological outcome measures. Also, emphasis should be placed
on integrating cognitive rehabilitation techniques with proven efficacy into traditional alcoholism treatment programs. 相似文献
45.
David A. Ward Mark C. Stafford Louis N. Gray Ben A. Menke 《Journal of applied social psychology》1994,24(20):1777-1793
Traditional studies of deterrence have focused on punishment with less regard for the rewards of both crime and noncrime. Influenced by work in economics and behavioral psychology, more recent studies have departed from tradition by incorporating rewards for crime. To this extent, they should be regarded as advances over the more traditional approaches. Notwithstanding these advances, variations in both the probability and magnitude of reward for noncrime have not been systematically included in these more recent theories of choice. In an attempt to determine whether opportunities for noncrime are either central or trivial to the criminal decision-making process, the present study fitted two alternative models to experimental data involving risk-taking: (a) the economic utility model employed by Piliavin, Gartner, Thornton, and Matsueda (1986) in their study of criminal choice; and (b) the satisfaction balance model developed by Gray and Tallman (1984). Results showed that while both models explained significant amounts of variation in the dependent variable, the Gray-Tallman model provided a substantially better fit of the data. Despite limitations inherent in experimental studies as, for example, limitations surrounding the issue of external validity, the findings strongly suggest that opportunities for noncrime are as important as rewards and costs for crime in the process by which criminal decisions are made. 相似文献
46.
Valerie J. Steffen Louis Sternberg Lisa A. Teegarden Kristen Shepherd 《Journal of applied social psychology》1994,24(10):897-925
Many behaviors are performed less frequently than intended because they require knowledge and skill to overcome behavioral barriers. This experiment tested effects of two factors, direct experience and message frame, that were hypothesized to affect men's intention to perform the testicle self-exam for cancer (TSE) and their actual exam performance, in part by affecting their knowledge and beliefs about overcoming TSE performance barriers. Men's experience performing the TSE on a life-like model and the frame (negative, positive, or neutral) of the recommendation promoting the exam were manipulated factorially. Consistent with prediction, men who practiced (vs. did not practice) the self-exam: (a) endorsed stronger beliefs about behavior-specific knowledge (e.g., ability to imagine a lump), (b) held more positive intention, and (c) translated that intention more consistently into self-reported action, in part because their behavior-specific knowledge increased their tendency to act on their intention. Consistent with action phase theory (Gollwitzer, 1990), intention related more strongly to behavior-specific beliefs than to general, long-term beliefs, and more strongly than attitude related to behavior-specific beliefs. These findings have practical and theoretical implications for promoting healthful and other intended behaviors. 相似文献
47.
Recent work has sought to use the time at which the Lateralized Readiness Potential (LRP) first develops (LRP onset) as a temporal landmark to bisect experimental effects on reaction time (RT). Many studies have found experimental effects on the time between the signal and LRP onset, but few have found effects on the time between LRP onset and RT (LRP-RT interval). The primary goal of this study was to produce an effect on the LRP-RT interval. We employed precuing, a manipulation likely to influence motor-programming processes at the end of the RT interval. Subjects performed a 4-alternative choice-RT task in which a signal prompted a button-press with the index or middle finger on the left or right hand. Precues preceded the signals and were either informative, reducing the set of response alternatives from four to two, or uninformative. Besides RT and LRP, we also measured electromyographic (EMG) activity and the P300 ERP component. RT, P300 latency, and the interval between the signal and LRP onset were all shorter with informative than uninformative precues, but the timing of EMG activity relative to RT remained the same. Most importantly, precuing affected the LRP-RT interval. Implications for bisecting RT with LRPs and the identity of processes affected by precuing are discussed. 相似文献
48.
Brenda J. Allen 《Sex roles》1995,32(7-8):557-563
A case study analyzed employees' attitudes toward, and experiences with, an intraorganizational electronic mail system. Results revealed that females perceived e-mail to be easier to use, more efficient, and more effective than males. They also gave higher ratings of appropriateness for using e-mail to transmit certain types of messages. Females (particularly managers) were more likely than their male counterparts to rely on co-workers to learn how to use e-mail. More females used the computer system for word processing, while more males and whites (who comprised 82.2% of the sample) had off-site connections to the computer system. No other distinctions were found regarding race—ethnicity. Implications for future research are discussed.The author is grateful to Karen Tracy, Robert Craig, and anonymous reviewers for their insights and suggestions. 相似文献
49.
Gary A. Morse Robert J. Calsyn Gary Allen David A. Kenny 《American journal of community psychology》1994,22(5):661-683
This process evaluation study examined what variables moderate and mediate treatment effects on days in stable housing and
client satisfaction for homeless mentally ill clients. In general, demographic characteristics did not moderate either outcome
variable. Housing contacts, entitlement contacts, mental health contacts, and supportive services were significant mediators
of the treatment effect on days in stable housing. Program contacts, mental health contacts, and supportive services were
significant mediators of client satisfaction.
The authors thank the National Institute of Mental Health for their financial support (MH43248, MH42357) for this project,
Dorothy Gano for word processing and editorial assistance, and Gitry Heydebrand, Melissa Dannelet, Betty Tempelhoff, Ruth
Smith, and Laeeq Ahmad for assisting in the interviews of clients. We are also appreciative of the cooperation given to us
by the staffs of Malcolm Bliss Mental Health Center, St. Patrick's Center, the Community Advocacy and Support Alliance Program,
and the St. Louisemergency shelters. Finally, we thank all of the participants in this study; we hope that their homelessness has now ended. (The conclusions
presented in this paper are the sole responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily reflect official National Institute
for Mental Health policy.) 相似文献
50.