Sex stereotypes and implicit personality theory. I. A personality description approach to the assessment of sex stereotypes

It was proposed that sex stereotypes be phrased in terms of the person perception construct, “implicit personality theory,” as the structured sets of inferential relations that link personal attributes to the social categories female and male. The utility of this formulation was assessed by having 31 college students use a set of 66 personality traits to describe other people. A measure of trait co-occurrence was derived from these data and was used as input to Kruskal's multidimensional scaling program. A two-dimensional configuration was interpreted in terms of two orthogonal properties, Social Desirability and Potency. An Indirect Female-Male property (based on the proportion of times each trait was used to describe a male) was strongly related to the configuration and was closely aligned with the Potency vector. Thus, stereotypes of females and males were associated with the Potency dimension of person perception, with females seen as “soft” and males as “hard.” The directly rated sex property Male-Female was also located near the Potency vector, but was not strongly related to the configuration. This lack of fit may have been due to social desirability responding. The results support the utility of formulating sex stereotypes in terms of implicit personality theory and suggest the need to distinguish direct and indirect assessments of stereotypes.     

青少年社会适应行为与大五人格的关系

以广州市556名中学生为被试,采用自编<青少年社会适应行为量表>和<大五人格简式量表(NEO-FFI)>,探讨青少年社会适应行为与大五人格之间的关系.结果发现:(1)青少年社会适应行为的总体水平比较好.(2)青少年在良好社会适应行为总均分上不存在性别和年级上的差异,在不良社会适应行为总均分上存在显著的性别差异和年级差异.女生得分显著高于男生,高一学生得分显著高于初二.但二者的交互作用不显著.(3)严谨性、外倾性、宜人性、开放性与大部分良好社会适应行为存在显著正相关,神经质与大部分良好社会适应行为存在显著负相关;严谨性、外倾性、宜人性与不良社会适应行为存在显著负相关,神经质与不良社会适应行为存在显著正相关,开放性与不良社会适应行为相关不显著.(4)进入每个预测良好社会适应行为回归方程的人格维度分别为2-4个,能够解释5.1%-40.5%的变异,严谨性是主要和稳定的预测因素.(5)进入每个预测不良社会适应行为回归方程的人格维度分别为2-3个.能够解释9.3%-16.1%的变异,严谨性、宜人性是主要和稳定的预测因素.     

情绪调节策略对日常生活事件与情绪体验关系影响的多层分析

运用经验抽样法对154名大学生的日常情绪体验、生活事件进行为期14天的追踪调查,通过多层线性模型（HLM）探讨日常生活事件与情绪体验的关系及情绪调节策略对二者关系的影响。结果表明：大学生积极情绪体验多于消极情绪体验。在个体内和个体间水平,消极事件都对积极情绪有显著的负向预测作用,对消极情绪有显著的正向预测作用;积极事件对积极情绪有显著的正向预测作用。积极事件对消极情绪的负向预测作用只在个体间水平显著。表达抑制这种情绪调节策略能够增强消极生活事件与消极情绪体验的关系。     

教师心理健康评价量表的编制及现状研究

在理论分析和借鉴前人研究成果的基础上,自行编制了针对我国教师心理健康的评价量表,并对来自北京、河北、江苏、山东、山西、青海、浙江等7个省市的1819名教师进行了测试。结果发现:《教师心理健康评价量表》由自我、社会、工作和生活四个分量表构成。经检验,《教师心理健康评价量表》具有良好的信度和效度,可以在今后相关研究中作为了解教师心理健康状况的测量工具使用;同时研究还发现,幼儿园、小学、初中和大学的教师同时存在发展性问题和适应性问题,而高中教师只有适应性问题,没有发展性问题。     

心理健康素质及其结构的访谈研究

以心理学专家、大学教师、中学教师、小学教师、大学生、中学生和小学生为被试,采用访谈法,研究他们对心理健康素质及其结构问题的看法。结果发现：多数人都认为心理健康素质就是心理素质;心理健康素质是健康的人的心理素质;认为心理健康素质就是在思想、情绪、认识和行为方式上符合正常标准;是维护人的心理健康所需要的内在心理特点。人们普遍认为能力和性格是心理健康素质的核心组成部分。     

Precarity is a Feminist Issue: Gender and Contingent Labor in the Academy

Feminist philosophers have challenged a wide range of gender injustices in professional philosophy. However, the problem of precarity, that is, the increasing numbers of contingent faculty who cannot find permanent employment, has received scarcely any attention. What explains this oversight? In this article, I argue, first, that academics are held in the grips of an ideology that diverts attention away from the structural conditions of precarity, and second, that the gendered dimensions of such an ideology have been overlooked. To do so, I identify two myths: the myth of meritocracy and the myth of work as its own reward. I demonstrate that these myths—and the two‐tier system itself—manifest an unmistakably gendered logic, such that gender and precarity are mutually reinforcing and co‐constitutive. I conclude that feminist philosophers have particular reason to organize against the casualization of academic work.     

Effect of metastable Cr(Mo)s/Cr(Mo)a powders on mechanical alloying the immiscible Cu–Mo–Cr system

Metastable-state alloy powders are usually synthesised by milling and occur as products of mechanical alloying (MA), but they are rarely used as starting materials for other MA processes. In this work, metastable-state alloy powders, including supersaturated solid-solution Cr(Mo)s and amorphous Cr(Mo)a were prepared in advance. Then, the Cr(Mo)s/Cr(Mo)a powder mixture was mechanically alloyed with elemental Cu to form Cu–Mo–Cr alloy. The effects of the metastable-state powder Cr(Mo)s/Cr(Mo)a on MA of the immiscible Cu–Mo–Cr system were evaluated. Phases and microstructures of the milled powders were analysed by XRD and TEM, respectively. The results show that amorphous Cu-60wt.%Cr(Mo) and supersaturated solid-solution Cu-20wt.%Cr(Mo) alloy powders can be synthesised by MA. It is concluded that MA of the Cu–Mo–Cr ternary alloy system is significantly promoted when elemental Cu powder is milled with metastable-state alloy powder Cr(Mo)s/Cr(Mo)a. Furthermore, the promoting effect of amorphous Cr(Mo)a on MA the Cu–Mo–Cr alloy system is much greater than that of supersaturated solid-solution Cr(Mo)s, during the milling process.     

明教契嵩生平行迹考

北宋云门宗禅僧契嵩,生于宋真宗(997-1022在位)景德四年(1007年1月22日-1008年2月9日),圆寂于宋神宗(1067-1085在位)熙宁五年六月初四(1072年6月22日),世寿六十六,僧腊五十三。作为中国禅宗史上颇具影响力的一代高僧,其生平行迹[1]却仍存有待厘清之处。本文拟以契嵩传记和其他旁涉材料为中心,考证契嵩生平行迹里存在的若干问题。     

Emerging Practices of Counseling and Psychotherapy in China: Ethical Dilemmas in Dual Relationships

A qualitative study was conducted with 48 Chinese counselors and psychotherapists who were interviewed in 2006 and an independent sample of 50 participants who responded to a survey in 2014. This study aims to explore how the new emerging expansion of mental health practice is related to issues and challenges of dual role relationship and how the well-engrained values and social characteristics of Chinese culture influences perceptions and resolution of ethical dilemmas. The participants identified similar dual relationships in 2006 and 2014: (a) Incidental boundary crossings, a sexual or romantic relationship, a dual social relationship, and a professional dual relationship were the most frequently reported types of dual relationships encountered by Chinese practitioners, and (b) the socioeconomic and cultural context and the development trajectory of counseling and psychotherapy in China play a significant role in shaping practitioners’ behaviors. The comparison of the data in 2006 and 2014 indicated that practitioners in psychotherapy and counseling have an improved awareness and understanding of ethical issues, evidenced by the decreasing cases of romantic and sexual relationships and increasing cases of social dual relationships influenced by the interrelatedness of traditional Chinese culture.