“物理对象”到底存在不存在?——维特根斯坦评论摩尔对怀疑主义者的反驳

摩尔用"我知道这是一只手"来反驳怀疑主义者对外在物理对象存在的怀疑,这在哲学史上是一件饶有趣味的事情,更加有趣的是维特根斯坦对这件事情的评论和处理,它们集中在维特根斯坦最后阶段的著作——《论确定性》中。维特根斯坦对摩尔反驳的前提、结论,以及摩尔与怀疑主义者的共同预设进行了细致的剖析,澄清了人们在搞哲学的时候对"怀疑"和"知道"的误用,这和他希望把词语从形而上学的"使用"下降到日常使用的日常语言分析方法是完全一致的。     

Helping Callers to the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline Who Are at Imminent Risk of Suicide: Evaluation of Caller Risk Profiles and Interventions Implemented

Crisis lines are settings where identifying individuals at imminent risk of suicidal behavior and intervening to keep them safe are critical activities. We examined clinical characteristics of crisis callers assessed by telephone crisis helpers as being at imminent risk of suicide, and the interventions implemented with these callers. Data were derived from 491 call reports completed by 132 helpers at eight crisis centers in the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline network. Helpers actively engaged the callers in collaborating to keep themselves safe on 76.4% of calls and sent emergency services without the callers' collaboration on 24.6% of calls. Four different profiles of imminent risk calls emerged. Caller profiles and some helper characteristics were associated with intervention type. Our findings provide a first step toward an empirical formulation of imminent risk warning signs and recommended interventions.