Assessing the Burdens of Leadership: Effects of Formal Leadership Roles on Individual Performance Over Time

This study adopted a role-based perspective in examining whether changes in performance over time (i.e., dynamic criteria) were a function of changes in individual leadership role responsibilities. Longitudinal data from captains in the modern era of the National Hockey League ( N = 201) were used to test a dynamic criterion hypothesis using multilevel growth modeling. Time ( k = 10) was modeled as a random effect, whereas captain status (i.e., leadership role responsibility) was included as a time-varying covariate. Individual performance was measured as the adjusted points (goals scored plus assists adjusted for individual and historical effects). Results of a series of model building steps that included the examination of alternative complex error structures indicated an overall negative performance trend. Those seasons in which a player assumed formal leadership responsibilities (i.e., team captain) were associated with better performance compared to seasons in which the player had no leadership responsibilities. These results were found to be robust even after controlling for individual performance in the previous season. Results are discussed in terms of the possible positive implications for individual performance and the motivation to lead through developing a culture in which leadership positions are highly valued by the organization, visible to others on the team, and where leadership responsibilities do not interfere with task performance.     

王阳明思想中的“身体”隐喻

本文首先揭示了王阳明对身体的两种基本样式的区分 ,然后从身体的七个具体的存在面向考察阳明身体隐喻的使用 ,以期通过此“第二序”的论说方式之反思 ,而阐发阳明乃至宋明儒家运思的能近取譬特征     

Attributional Style,Self-Esteem,and Celebrity Worship

Two studies were carried out to investigate the relationship between attributional style (Study 1), self-esteem (Study 2), and different forms of celebrity worship. Entertainment social celebrity worship (the most normal form considered) was unrelated to attributional style or self-esteem; intense personal celebrity worship was related positively to self-esteem but also to a propensity toward stable and global attributions; and borderline pathological celebrity worship (the most negative form considered) was related to external, stable, and global attributions. These results were independent of whether participants were located in Europe or North America, and are discussed in terms of whether celebrity worship should be regarded as positive or negative and as a unitary concept.     

A Review of “Trauma and Human Existence: Autobiographical,Psychoanalytic and Philosophical Reflections”

Abstract

The author sets out to locate Bion's model of the mind within the developmental history of psychoanalysis, from Freud to Klein to Bion, using biographical material and clinical case examples, to illustrate Bion's concepts of container/contained, his understanding and use of projective identification, his extension of the use of the countertransference, and his differentiation between the psychotic and non-psychotic aspects of the mind. Links, and attacks against linking are discussed, as well as Bion's thoughts about learning versus knowing, being versus becoming and his emphasis on the essential importance of the development of the capacity to think.     

Word form encoding in mandarin Chinese typewritten word production: Evidence from the implicit priming task

Employing the implicit priming task, we examined whether Chinese words that shared the initial onset consonant could be typed, using the phonetic-based method (called zhuyin), with faster response times than words that did not share the initial onset consonant. We also examined the effect of sharing the initial tonal syllable. A significant onset preparation effect and a significant syllable preparation effect were both observed. The latter was found to vary linearly with the number of segments in the syllable. The slope of 63 ms was similar to the 70-ms onset effect, suggesting that the syllable effect was segment-based. The results contrasted with the lack of an onset effect previously reported for speaking, and were interpreted as supporting the output constraint hypothesis which states that the kind of outputs a production system is designed to produce (speaking vs. typing) can flexibly and adaptively alter the way the system is organized and operates.     

A multilevel job demands–resources model of work engagement: Antecedents,consequences, and boundary conditions

ABSTRACT

Grounded on the Job Demands–Resources model, the present study conducted 2 studies to test a multilevel model of work engagement. Using data from 606 leader–employee pairs taken from 40 gas stations of a petroleum company, and a 3-wave data from 145 service teams and 542 leader–employee pairs from a variety of service organizations, convergent evidence suggested that (a) the unit leaders’ autonomy-support climate and psychological capital lead to service performance through work engagement and (b) psychological capital could attenuate the positive effect of unit leaders’autonomy-support climate on work engagement. In addition, the unit leaders’ autonomy-support climate acts as a job resource for boosting work engagement when both workloads and emotional demands or job insecurity are high.     

Phase stability of Al3Nb as a function of nickel additions

Abstract

Phase stability of the intermetallic compound Al₃Nb is investigated as a function of nickel additions by band structure calculations based on an extended Hueckel tight-binding method. With this method, the electronic structure and total energies of the Al_6-n -Ni _n Nb₂ compounds (where n is an integer from 0 to 6) are calculated for both D0₂₂ and L1₂ structures under the assumption that nickel substitutes for aluminium. The electronic total energies obtained from integration of the energy states of all electrons considered have shown that the D0₂₂ structure is stable in the binary Al₃Nb compound as compared with the L1₂ structure; conversely, the L1₂ structure is stable for compounds with n values greater than 1. These calculations are in good agreement with X-ray diffraction results reported by Schubert and co-workers. Differences in the electronic total energy per atom between D0₂₂ and L1₂ are - 0·79 eV and 0·56 eV for n equal to 0 and 2, respectively.     

Unpacking Cultural Variations in Peak-Experiences: Cross-Cultural Comparisons of Early Childhood Recollection Between Hong Kong and Brazil

In this cross-cultural study, 115 Hong Kong Chinese and 117 Brazilian college students described a childhood peak-experience (occurring before the age of 14) and provided a self-rating on its enduring impact. Among various categories of peak-experiences, both Hong Kong Chinese and Brazilians reported interpersonal joy most frequently; the second most frequently reported category was external achievement for the Hong Kong sample and developmental landmark for the Brazilian sample. Compared with Brazilians’ narratives, those of Hong Kong Chinese were more social-focused, involving greater number of other people, but less specific. These characteristics of autobiographical memory, i.e., memory focus (self vs. social), memory specificity (specific vs. general), and the number of other people involved, significantly mediated the relation between culture and interpersonal joy. The present findings have extended research on peak-experiences to cross-cultural contexts and incorporated measures of autobiographical memory to unpack cultural variations in these two collectivist societies.     

成人期人际性问题解决的策略取向研究

采用开放式问卷,考察252名25至75岁的成人解决人际性问题的策略取向。结果表明：总体上中国成人偏重于二级控制取向;成人前期个体较其他年龄段成人表现出更多的一级控制取向;情境因素对成人的策略取向有较大影响,并且这种影响对不同年龄段成人所产生的效应存在明显差异。     

Systematic angular biases in the representation of visual space

Representing spatial information is one of our most foundational abilities. Yet in the present work we find that even the simplest possible spatial tasks reveal surprising, systematic misrepresentations of space—such as biases wherein objects are perceived and remembered as being nearer to the centers of their surrounding quadrants. We employed both a placement task (in which observers see two differently sized shapes, one of which has a dot in it, and then must place a second dot in the other shape so that their relative locations are equated) and a matching task (in which observers see two dots, each inside a separate shape, and must simply report whether their relative locations are matched). Some of the resulting biases were shape specific. For example, when dots appeared in a triangle during the placement task, the dots placed by observers were biased away from certain parts of the symmetry axes. But other systematic biases were not shape specific, and seemed instead to reflect differences in the grain of resolution for different regions of space. For example, with both a circle and even a shapeless configuration (with only a central landmark) in the matching task, observers were better at discriminating angular differences (when a dot changed positions around the circle, as opposed to inward/outward changes) in cardinal versus oblique sectors. These data reveal a powerful angular spatial bias, and highlight how the resolution of spatial representation differs for different regions and dimensions of space itself.