Moderating effects of harasser status and target gender on the relationship between unwanted sexual attention and overall job satisfaction

Despite a vast body of literature evidencing the negative effects of workplace sexual harassment it remains unclear whether sexual harassment experienced by the target is worse when the harasser is a supervisor, rather than a coworker. With a scenario‐based experimental study we examined whether targets harassed by their supervisor would experience greater decreases in overall job satisfaction than those targeted by a coworker. Results suggested that harasser status moderated the effects of sexual harassment on overall job satisfaction but only for female targets. Further, the effect of supervisor harassment on job satisfaction was mediated by interpersonal justice perceptions.     

Leadership and Perceiver Cognition: Examining the Role of Self-Identity in Implicit Leadership Theories

We investigated whether priming individuals' self-identities to be interdependent or independent influences their ratings of leadership prototypicality. Specifically, we predicted that participants receiving an interdependent prime would rate items associated with transformational leadership as being more prototypical of effective leadership than would participants receiving no prime. We also predicted that participants receiving an independent prime would rate transactional leadership items as being more prototypical of effective leadership. Undergraduate psychology students were randomly assigned to one of three conditions (interdependent prime, independent prime, and control). Results support the idea that self-identity can be primed to influence ratings of leadership prototypicality. We discuss implications and suggest directions for future research.     

Correspondence

Dorothy Judd: Give Sorrow Words: working with a dying child. Published by Free Association Books, 1989. £12.95.

Clifford Yorke, Stanley Wiseberg, Thomas Freeman: Development and Psychopathology — Studies in Psychoanalytic Psychiatry. Published by Yale University Press. £22.50.

Otto Weininger: Children's Phantasies. The Shaping of Relationships. Published by Karnac Books, 1989. £14.95.

Lynn Barnett: Enriching Day Care, 1989. Anna Freud Nursery, 1988. Buddle Lane, 1987. Available from Concorde Video Films Council Ltd., 201 Felixstowe Road, Ipswich, IP3 9BJ. Price £10 to hire, £30 + p.p. &; V.A.T. to buy.     

The impact of gender ideology on the performance of gender-congruent citizenship behaviors

Because organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) performance contributes to overall performance ratings and failure to perform expected behaviors detracts from performance ratings, it is important to examine whether men and women perform OCBs in stereotypically expected ways. Published studies have evidenced both a presence and an absence of gender differences in OCB performance. With a view to explaining this ambiguity, this article reports the results of a study examining gender ideology as a moderator of the effects of gender on the performance of gender-congruent OCBs (i.e., helping for women and civic virtue for men). Survey data from participants and their coworkers across a wide range of jobs and organizations revealed that gender ideology moderated the effects of gender on the performance of gender-congruent OCBs.     

Using frame-of-reference training to understand the implications of rater idiosyncrasy for rating accuracy

Frame-of-reference (FOR) rater training is one technique used to impart a theory of work performance to raters. In this study, the authors explored how raters' implicit performance theories may differ from a normative performance theory taught during training. The authors examined how raters' level and type of idiosyncrasy predicts their rating accuracy and found that rater idiosyncrasy negatively predicts rating accuracy. Moreover, although FOR training may improve rating accuracy even for trainees with lower performance theory idiosyncrasy, it may be more effective in improving errors of omission than commission. The discussion focuses on the roles of idiosyncrasy in FOR training and the implications of this research for future FOR research and practice.     

Estimating Actor,Partner, and Interaction Effects for Dyadic Data Using PROC MIXED and HLM: A User–Friendly Guide

Data collected from both members of a dyad provide abundant opportunities as well as data analytic challenges. The Actor–Partner Interdependence Model (APIM; Kashy & Kenny, 2000) was developed as a conceptual framework for collecting and analyzing dyadic data, primarily by stressing the importance of considering the interdependence that exists between dyad members. The goal of this paper is to detail how the APIM can be implemented in dyadic research, and how its effects can be estimated using hierarchical linear modeling, including PROC MIXED in SAS and HLM (version 5.04; Raudenbush, Bryk, Cheong, & Congdon, 2001). The paper describes the APIM and illustrates how the data set must be structured to use the data analytic methods proposed. It also presents the syntax needed to estimate the model, indicates how several types of interactions can be tested, and describes how the output can be interpreted.     

Implicit partner affect, relationship satisfaction, and the prediction of romantic breakup

The current research investigated the role of spontaneous partner feelings (implicit partner affect) in the dynamics of relationship satisfaction, commitment, and romantic dissolution. Participants completed a variant of the name-letter task as a measure of implicit partner affect, and self-report measures of relationship satisfaction and commitment. Approximately 4 months later, participants were contacted to assess their current relationship status. Overall, participants showed a biased preference for their partner’s initials (after adjusting for proper baselines), indicating the presence of positive implicit partner affect. Participants with more positive implicit partner affect were more satisfied with, but not more committed to, their relationship. Additionally, implicit partner affect exerted a significant indirect effect on relationship stability. These effects were independent of relationship length, age, and gender. Implications for the role of automatic affective processes in relationship processes and the utility of indirect measures for shedding light on relationship dynamics are discussed.     

Perceptions of conflict and support in romantic relationships: the role of attachment anxiety

Guided by attachment theory, a 2-part study was conducted to test how perceptions of relationship-based conflict and support are associated with relationship satisfaction/closeness and future quality. Dating partners completed diaries for 14 days (Part 1) and then were videotaped while discussing a major problem that occurred during the diary study (Part 2). Part 1 reveals that more anxiously attached individuals perceived more conflict with their dating partners and reported a tendency for conflicts to escalate in severity. Perceptions of daily relationship-based conflicts negatively impacted the perceived satisfaction/closeness and relationship futures of highly anxious individuals, whereas perceptions of greater daily support had positive effects. Part 2 reveals that highly anxious individuals appeared more distressed and escalated the severity of conflicts (rated by observers) and reported feeling more distressed. The authors discuss the unique features of attachment anxiety and how changing perceptions of relationship satisfaction/closeness and stability could erode commitment over time.     

The ‘Scandal’ of the Lubavitch Rebbe: Messianism as a Response to Failed Prophecy

In June 1994, the Lubavitch Rebbe, believed to be the Mosiach (the Messiah) died. Counter-intuitively, this failure of prophecy gave birth to an extreme messianic movement within the group, dividing it into two antagonistic factions (messianists and anti-messianists). This article examines the Beis Menachem, a messianic group whose members believe that the Rebbe is not dead; some even believe that he is God. We argue that this strong messianic response was predictable, given the influence of four factors that prior analyses suggest are important in determining whether a group will survive the failure of a significant prophecy: (1) the ways in which the prophetic milieu is prepared, (2) the nature and extent of the preparatory activities people engaged in, (3) the nature, speed, and thoroughness of the response of group leaders to a failed prophecy, and (4) the level of social support available for those who remain faithful to a prophecy. Emphasis in this study is given to the first and fourth factor; it is argued that the diachronic study of groups like the Lubavitch provides new insights into the ideological, organisational, and situational conditions that facilitate the successful management of dissonance and thus the persistence of unusual beliefs.