全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1109篇 |
免费 | 22篇 |
专业分类
1131篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 6篇 |
2022年 | 6篇 |
2021年 | 10篇 |
2020年 | 18篇 |
2019年 | 18篇 |
2018年 | 27篇 |
2017年 | 31篇 |
2016年 | 30篇 |
2015年 | 19篇 |
2014年 | 23篇 |
2013年 | 108篇 |
2012年 | 50篇 |
2011年 | 42篇 |
2010年 | 21篇 |
2009年 | 26篇 |
2008年 | 59篇 |
2007年 | 35篇 |
2006年 | 43篇 |
2005年 | 48篇 |
2004年 | 42篇 |
2003年 | 35篇 |
2002年 | 43篇 |
2001年 | 27篇 |
2000年 | 21篇 |
1999年 | 27篇 |
1998年 | 18篇 |
1997年 | 12篇 |
1996年 | 22篇 |
1995年 | 12篇 |
1994年 | 11篇 |
1993年 | 10篇 |
1992年 | 11篇 |
1991年 | 14篇 |
1990年 | 14篇 |
1989年 | 14篇 |
1988年 | 19篇 |
1987年 | 19篇 |
1986年 | 13篇 |
1985年 | 10篇 |
1984年 | 13篇 |
1982年 | 8篇 |
1980年 | 5篇 |
1979年 | 10篇 |
1973年 | 9篇 |
1972年 | 7篇 |
1971年 | 7篇 |
1970年 | 4篇 |
1969年 | 6篇 |
1968年 | 8篇 |
1967年 | 7篇 |
排序方式: 共有1131条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
181.
Gabrielle B Britton Lori B Astheimer 《Integrative Physiological and Behavioral Science》2004,39(4):295-306
In classical eyeblink conditioning, non-specific emotional responses to the aversive shock unconditioned stimulus (US), which are presumed to coincide with the development of fear, occur early in conditioning and precede the emergence of eyeblink responses. This two-process learning model was examined by concurrently measuring fear and eyeblink conditioning in the freely moving rat. Freezing served as an index of fear in animals and was measured during the inter-trial intervals in the training context and during a tone conditioned stimulus (CS) presented in a novel context. Animals that received CS-US pairings exhibited elevated levels of fear to the context and CS early in training that decreased over sessions, while eyeblink conditioned responses (CRs) developed gradually during acquisition and decreased during extinction. Random CS-US presentations produced a similar pattern of fear responses to the context and CS as paired presentations despite low eyeblink CR percentages, indicating that fear responding was decreased independent of high levels of learned eyeblink responding. The results of paired training were consistent with two-process models of conditioning that postulate that early emotional responding facilitates subsequent motor learning, but measures from random control animals demonstrate that partial CS-US contingencies produce decrements in fear despite low levels of eyeblink CRs. These findings suggest a relationship between CS-US contingency and fear levels during eyeblink conditioning, and may serve to clarify further the role that fear conditioning plays in this simple paradigm. 相似文献
182.
Elizabeth?Kate?HughesEmail author Eleonora?Gullone Shaun?D.?Watson 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2011,33(3):335-345
Difficulties with emotion and its regulation are of central importance to the etiology and course of depression. The current
study investigated these constructs in relation to childhood and adolescence by comparing the emotional functioning of 170
9- to 15-year-olds reporting high levels of depressive symptoms (HD) to a matched sample of 170 children and adolescents reporting
low levels of depressive symptoms (LD). Compared to LD, HD participants reported significantly greater shame proneness, poorer
functioning on emotion regulation competencies (emotional control, self-awareness and situational responsiveness), less healthy
emotion regulation strategy use (less reappraisal and greater suppression), and lower levels of guilt proneness. Empathic
concern did not differ between the two groups. The findings enhance current knowledge by providing a more comprehensive profile
of the emotional difficulties experienced by children and adolescents with elevated depressive symptoms. 相似文献
183.
Chris Watson Lena C. Quilty R. Michael Bagby 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2011,33(3):368-374
We examined the utility of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2-Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) to differentiate patients with lifetime bipolar disorder (BD) from patients with lifetime major depressive disorder
(MDD), and to differentiate patients with BD who are currently depressed from patients with current MDD. Sixty-one patients
with BD (BD-I n = 51, BD-II n = 10) and 381 patients with MDD were administered the MMPI-2; MMPI-2-RF scale scores were derived from these MMPI-2 protocols.
Receiver operating characteristics analysis revealed that the MMPI-2-RF Activation (ACT) scale had the largest Area Under
the Curve (AUC), which was 0.74. Using a cut-off score of 4 on the ACT scale resulted in 71% of patients being correctly classified
as having BD or MDD (sensitivity = 0.67, specificity = 0.71). An examination of currently depressed patients with BD (n = 29) and a randomly selected sample of MDD patients (n = 29) revealed that the ACT scale correctly classified 72% of patients (AUC = 0.75, sensitivity = 0.69, specificity = 0.76).
Implications and limitations of these findings were discussed. 相似文献
184.
Gammon AD Rothwell E Simmons R Lowery JT Ballinger L Hill DA Boucher KM Kinney AY 《Journal of genetic counseling》2011,20(6):625-638
This study was an investigation of awareness, cognitions, and psychosocial and educational needs related to genetic counseling
and testing among Latinas and non-Latina whites at increased risk for having a BRCA1/2 mutation. Sixty-three Latina and eighty-four non-Latina white women completed telephone surveys employing a mixture of quantitative
and qualitative questions assessing awareness, benefits, risks, barriers, and genetic counseling communication preferences
regarding BRCA1/2 testing. Among participants who had not previously had genetic counseling/testing, 56.9% of Latinas (29/51) and 34.8% of
non-Latina white participants (24/69) were unaware of the availability of BRCA1/2 testing. In multivariate logistic regression analysis, Latina ethnicity was the only statistically significant independent
factor associated with lack of awareness (OR = 0.42; 95% CI = 0.19–0.35). No appreciable differences were noted between ethnic
groups regarding perceived benefits of BRCA1/2 testing or desired genetic counseling topics. These findings underscore the importance of increasing awareness of cancer
genetic counseling and genetic testing among both Latina and non-Latina white populations. 相似文献
185.
Speech perception (SP) most commonly refers to the perceptual mapping from the highly variable acoustic speech signal to a linguistic representation, whether it be phonemes, diphones, syllables, or words. This is an example of categorization, in that potentially discriminable speech sounds are assigned to functionally equivalent classes. In this tutorial, we present some of the main challenges to our understanding of the categorization of speech sounds and the conceptualization of SP that has resulted from these challenges. We focus here on issues and experiments that define open research questions relevant to phoneme categorization, arguing that SP is best understood as perceptual categorization, a position that places SP in direct contact with research from other areas of perception and cognition. 相似文献
186.
Most studies assessing the link between parental discipline and child aggression have focused primarily on discipline as a cause and aggression as an outcome. In addition to the pathway from discipline to aggression, however, aggressive behavior on the part of the child may lead to future use of discipline by the parent. In this study, structural equation modeling was used to assess reciprocal influences over time between a mothers' use of discipline and aggression in children. Data were drawn from the Springfield Child Development Project, a longitudinal study of middle childhood and adolescence, focusing on antecedents of aggression. The original sample consisted of 440 mother-child dyads living in the city of Springfield, MA. Children in the sample were between 7 and 14 years of age at the first data collection period and between 12 and 19 years of age at the final data collection period. Four hypotheses were tested: (1) a mother's use of aggressive discipline predicts an increase in later child aggression, (2) child aggression predicts an increase in later use of aggressive discipline, (3) the use of reasoning predicts a decrease in later child aggression, and (4) child aggression predicts an increase in later use of reasoning. All hypotheses except number 3 were supported to some degree. Results suggest that children's early aggressive behavior leads to an increase in their mothers' use of both reasoning and aggressive discipline; in turn, increased use of aggressive discipline leads to an increase in aggression during both childhood and adolescence. 相似文献
187.
Stress management interventions for HIV+ adults: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, 1989 to 2006. 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Lori A J Scott-Sheldon Seth C Kalichman Michael P Carey Robyn L Fielder 《Health psychology》2008,27(2):129-139
OBJECTIVE: Numerous studies document that stress accelerates disease processes in a variety of diseases including HIV. As a result, investigators have developed and evaluated interventions to reduce stress as a means to improve health among persons living with HIV. Therefore, the current meta-analysis examines the impact of stress-management interventions at improving psychological, immunological, hormonal, and other behavioral health outcomes among HIV+ adults. DESIGN: This meta-analytic review integrated the results of 35 randomized controlled trials examining the efficacy of 46 separate stress management interventions for HIV+ adults (N=3,077). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Effect sizes were calculated for stress processes (coping and social support), psychological/psychosocial (anxiety, depression, distress, and quality of life), immunological (CD4+ counts and viral load), hormonal (cortisol, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate [DHEA-S], cortisol/DHEA-S ratio, and testosterone) and other behavioral health outcomes (fatigue). RESULTS: Compared to controls, stress-management interventions reduce anxiety, depression, distress, and fatigue and improve quality of life (d+s=0.16 to 0.38). Stress-management interventions do not appear to improve CD4+ counts, viral load, or hormonal outcomes compared with controls. CONCLUSION: Overall, stress-management interventions for HIV+ adults significantly improve mental health and quality of life but do not alter immunological or hormonal processes. The absence of immunological or hormonal benefits may reflect the studies' limited assessment period (measured typically within 1-week postintervention), participants' advanced stage of HIV (HIV+ status known for an average of 5 years), and/or sample characteristics (predominately male and White participants). Future research might test these hypotheses and refine our understanding of stress processes and their amelioration. 相似文献
188.
Intersectional Identities and the Politics of Altruistic Care in a Low-Income, Urban Community 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Jacqueline S. Mattis Nyasha A. Grayman Sheri-Ann Cowie Cynthia Winston Carolyn Watson Daisy Jackson 《Sex roles》2008,59(5-6):418-428
The literatures on the ways in which social identity and social position (e.g., gender, class, race) inform altruism have developed orthogonally. In this community-based qualitative study we use intersectionality theory to explore the complex ways in which social identity and social structures jointly influence altruism among African American adults (n?=?40) in an urban, economically distressed housing community in New York City. Content analysis of participants’ narratives reveals the ways in which gender, race, ethnicity, class, age, and urbanicity work in tandem to create differential patterns of vulnerability, differential needs, differential commitments to caring for particular subgroups, and informs how altruists are perceived by others. The implications of this work for future research on altruism are highlighted. 相似文献
189.
This project examined cognitive responses to failure and success and their association with depression and mania within bipolar disorder. Many cognitive variables that are associated with unipolar depression have been found to be involved in bipolar disorder, more specifically bipolar depression. This research was the first to examine tendencies to hold high standards, engage in self-criticism, and generalize from failure to an overall sense of self-worth. In Study 1, undergraduates were screened for risk of mood disorders and completed structured diagnostic interviews. History of bipolar spectrum disorders and history of depression had separate associations with negative generalization. The association of generalization with bipolar spectrum disorders was accounted for by current depressive symptoms. For Study 2, the authors developed a measure of the tendency to engage in positive generalization following success experiences. In a sample of 276 undergraduates, this measure related uniquely to risk for mania. Results of these 2 studies suggest that responses to failure are associated with a history of depression, whereas responses to success are associated with a risk for mania. Implications for future research and clinical work are discussed. 相似文献
190.
Importance and predictability each have been argued to contribute to acoustic prominence. To investigate whether these factors are independent or two aspects of the same phenomenon, na?ve participants played a verbal variant of Tic Tac Toe. Both importance and predictability contributed independently to the acoustic prominence of a word, but in different ways. Predictable game moves were shorter in duration and had less pitch excursion than less predictable game moves, whereas intensity was higher for important game moves. These data also suggest that acoustic prominence is affected by both speaker-centered processes (speaker effort) and listener-centered processes (intent to signal important information to the listener). 相似文献