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251.
Adrian Raine Ph.D. J. Reid Meloy Ph.D. Susan Bihrle Ph.D. Jackie Stoddard M.A. Lori Lacasse BSc. Monte S. Buchsbaum M.D. Ph.D. 《Behavioral sciences & the law》1998,16(3):319-332
There appear to be no brain imaging studies investigating which brain mechanisms subserve affective, impulsive violence versus planned, predatory violence. It was hypothesized that affectively violent offenders would have lower prefrontal activity, higher subcortical activity, and reduced prefrontal/subcortical ratios relative to controls, while predatory violent offenders would show relatively normal brain functioning. Glucose metabolism was assessed using positron emission tomography in 41 comparisons, 15 predatory murderers, and nine affective murderers in left and right hemisphere prefrontal (medial and lateral) and subcortical (amygdala, midbrain, hippocampus, and thalamus) regions. Affective murderers relative to comparisons had lower left and right prefrontal functioning, higher right hemisphere subcortical functioning, and lower right hemisphere prefrontal/subcortical ratios. In contrast, predatory murderers had prefrontal functioning that was more equivalent to comparisons, while also having excessively high right subcortical activity. Results support the hypothesis that emotional, unplanned impulsive murderers are less able to regulate and control aggressive impulses generated from subcortical structures due to deficient prefrontal regulation. It is hypothesized that excessive subcortical activity predisposes to aggressive behaviour, but that while predatory murderers have sufficiently good prefrontal functioning to regulate these aggressive impulses, the affective murderers lack such prefrontal control over emotion regulation. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
252.
Russell A. Barkley Gwenyth Edwards Margaret Laneri Kenneth Fletcher Lori Metevia 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2001,29(6):541-556
Clinic-referred teens (ages 12–19) with ADHD and ODD (N = 101) were compared to community control (CC) teens, equated for age and sex, (N = 39) on a variety of psychological tasks assessing executive functioning (EF), temporal reward discounting, and time estimation and reproduction. A factor analysis reduced the EF measures to three dimensions, representing CPT Inattention, Working Memory, and CPT Inhibition. Results indicated that the ADHD group had significantly more CPT Inattention than the CC group. No differences were found for Working Memory or CPT Inhibition. The ADHD group displayed significantly greater temporal discounting of delayed hypothetical monetary rewards relative to immediate ones and manifested more impaired time reproduction, but not time estimation, than did the CC group. Main effects for level of IQ were found only on the Working Memory factor and largely did not interact with the group factor otherwise. The group differences in CPT Inattention, temporal discounting, and time reproduction were not a function of level of comorbid oppositional defiant disorder, delinquency, or anxiety–depression. Results are reasonably consistent with past research on EF and sense of time in children with ADHD and extend these findings to the adolescent age group. Problems with working memory and CPT inhibition found in prior studies of children with ADHD, however, were not evident here, perhaps owing to age-related improvements or insufficient task difficulty. 相似文献
253.
Michael Tlanusta Garrett L. DiAnne Borders Lori B. Crutchfield Edil Torres‐Rivera Dale Brotherton Russell Curtis 《Journal of multicultural counseling and development》2001,29(2):147-158
The need for cultural characteristics to be addressed in supervision is discussed as a way of dealing with both opportunities and obstacles that may exist. The VISION model of cultural responsiveness is described as a practical means of supervisors exploring multicultural issues in the supervisory relationship. La necesidad de discutir las características culturales en la supervisión es presentada como una forma de tratar tanto con las oportunidades y los obstaculos que puedan existir. El modelo responsivo cultural VISION se describe como una forma practica para que supervisores exploren temas multiculturales en la relación de supervisión. 相似文献
254.
Lori K. Smith Evelyn F. Field Margaret L. Forgie Sergio M. Pellis 《Aggressive behavior》1996,22(3):215-226
The play fighting behaviour of male rats (Rattus norvegicus) castrated at weaning was compared to that of intact controls during the juvenile and post-pubertal phases of development. Following puberty, both the castrated and intact animals exhibited an age-related change in their play fighting; the frequency of initiating play fighting decreased and juvenile patterns of playful defense were replaced by more adult-like patterns. As these changes occurred even in the absence of the pubertal surge of gonadal hormones, they were more likely to result from the organizational effects of gonadal hormones in the perinatal period than the activational effects of these hormones at puberty. Although the castrated animals exhibited the age-related changes in behaviour, they did not exhibit the asymmetries in play associated with dominance relationships. As demonstrated in previous studies, in pairs of intact rats, the animal that attacks the most and uses more juvenile defenses during play fighting and weighs the least is typically the subordinate. In the castrates, asymmetries in weight and playful defense are not related to play frequency, indicating the absence of a dominance relationship. Although the characteristic changes in male play fighting at puberty are independent of the activational effects of gonadal hormones, dominance relationships and their associated changes in play fighting are dependent on these hormones. Therefore, in the perinatal period gonadal hormones most likely organize the age-related changes in play behaviour, whereas post-pubertally gonadal hormones activate dominance relationships and thus, indirectly modify play fighting by affecting dominance-associated assymetries in behaviour. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc. 相似文献
255.
256.
Does trauma exposure impair retrieval of autobiographical memories? Many theorists have suggested that the reduced ability to access specific memories of life events, termed overgenerality, is a protective mechanism helping attenuate painful emotions associated with trauma. The authors addressed this question by reviewing 24 studies that assessed trauma exposure and overgenerality, examining samples with posttraumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder, depression, traumatic event exposure, and other clinical disorders. Limitations are discussed, including variations in assessment of events, depression, and overgenerality and the need for additional comparison groups. Across studies, there was no consistent association between trauma exposure and overgenerality, suggesting that trauma exposure is unlikely to be the primary mechanism leading to overgenerality. Instead, psychopathology factors such as depression and posttraumatic stress appear to be more consistently associated with overgenerality. Alternative overgenerality theories may help identify key overgenerality mechanisms, improving current understanding of autobiographical memory processes underlying psychopathology. 相似文献
257.
Collectively, the articles in this special issue reveal that immigration has diverse effects on individual family members that vary depending on their gender and age. Such findings underscore the need for intensive analysis and comparison on a number of levels—fathers versus mothers, sons versus daughters, parents versus children. This commentary highlights some of the findings that emphasise the centrality of gender in colouring the experience of immigration for different family members. Limitations of the findings are noted and suggestions are made for future research examining the effects of migration on families and family members. 相似文献
258.
Tara S. Behrend Becca A. Baker Lori Foster Thompson 《Journal of business and psychology》2009,24(3):341-350
Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a pro-environmental corporate message on prospective applicants’ attitudes
toward a fictitious hiring organization. Drawing from signaling theory, we hypothesized that an environmental message on the
organization’s recruitment website would increase prospective applicants’ perceptions of organizational prestige, which would
then increase job pursuit intentions. Personal environmental attitudes were also examined as a possible moderator.
Design/Methodology/Approach Participants (N = 183) viewed a web site printout that either did or did not contain a message indicating the organization’s environmental
support. Participants rated their attitudes toward the environment, perceptions of the organization, and job pursuit intentions.
Findings Findings demonstrated that the environmental support message positively affected job pursuit intentions; further, this effect
was mediated by perceptions of the organization’s reputation. Contrary to the person–organization fit perspective, the message’s
effects on job pursuit intentions were not contingent upon the participant’s own environmental stance.
Implications These findings highlight the importance of corporate social performance as a source of information for a variety of job seekers.
Even relatively small amounts of information regarding corporate social performance can positively affect an organization’s
reputation and recruitment efforts.
Originality/Value In general, this research contributes to the growing body of literature on corporate social responsibility. It is the first
study to test whether the effects of pro-environmental recruiting messages on job pursuit intentions depend upon an applicant’s
personal environmental stance. In addition, this is the first study to demonstrate reputation’s meditational role in the effects
of corporate social responsibility on recruitment efforts. 相似文献
259.
Lexical co-occurrence models of semantic memory represent word meaning by vectors in a high-dimensional space. These vectors
are derived from word usage, as found in a large corpus of written text. Typically, these models are fully automated, an advantage
over models that represent semantics that are based on human judgments (e.g., feature-based models). A common criticism of
co-occurrence models is that the representations are not grounded: Concepts exist only relative to each other in the space
produced by the model. It has been claimed that feature-based models offer an advantage in this regard. In this article, we
take a step toward grounding a cooccurrence model. A feed-forward neural network is trained using back propagation to provide
a mapping from co-occurrence vectors to feature norms collected from subjects. We show that this network is able to retrieve
the features of a concept from its co-occurrence vector with high accuracy and is able to generalize this ability to produce
an appropriate list of features from the co-occurrence vector of a novel concept. 相似文献
260.