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261.
262.
Does trauma exposure impair retrieval of autobiographical memories? Many theorists have suggested that the reduced ability to access specific memories of life events, termed overgenerality, is a protective mechanism helping attenuate painful emotions associated with trauma. The authors addressed this question by reviewing 24 studies that assessed trauma exposure and overgenerality, examining samples with posttraumatic stress disorder, acute stress disorder, depression, traumatic event exposure, and other clinical disorders. Limitations are discussed, including variations in assessment of events, depression, and overgenerality and the need for additional comparison groups. Across studies, there was no consistent association between trauma exposure and overgenerality, suggesting that trauma exposure is unlikely to be the primary mechanism leading to overgenerality. Instead, psychopathology factors such as depression and posttraumatic stress appear to be more consistently associated with overgenerality. Alternative overgenerality theories may help identify key overgenerality mechanisms, improving current understanding of autobiographical memory processes underlying psychopathology. 相似文献
263.
Collectively, the articles in this special issue reveal that immigration has diverse effects on individual family members that vary depending on their gender and age. Such findings underscore the need for intensive analysis and comparison on a number of levels—fathers versus mothers, sons versus daughters, parents versus children. This commentary highlights some of the findings that emphasise the centrality of gender in colouring the experience of immigration for different family members. Limitations of the findings are noted and suggestions are made for future research examining the effects of migration on families and family members. 相似文献
264.
Tara S. Behrend Becca A. Baker Lori Foster Thompson 《Journal of business and psychology》2009,24(3):341-350
Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a pro-environmental corporate message on prospective applicants’ attitudes
toward a fictitious hiring organization. Drawing from signaling theory, we hypothesized that an environmental message on the
organization’s recruitment website would increase prospective applicants’ perceptions of organizational prestige, which would
then increase job pursuit intentions. Personal environmental attitudes were also examined as a possible moderator.
Design/Methodology/Approach Participants (N = 183) viewed a web site printout that either did or did not contain a message indicating the organization’s environmental
support. Participants rated their attitudes toward the environment, perceptions of the organization, and job pursuit intentions.
Findings Findings demonstrated that the environmental support message positively affected job pursuit intentions; further, this effect
was mediated by perceptions of the organization’s reputation. Contrary to the person–organization fit perspective, the message’s
effects on job pursuit intentions were not contingent upon the participant’s own environmental stance.
Implications These findings highlight the importance of corporate social performance as a source of information for a variety of job seekers.
Even relatively small amounts of information regarding corporate social performance can positively affect an organization’s
reputation and recruitment efforts.
Originality/Value In general, this research contributes to the growing body of literature on corporate social responsibility. It is the first
study to test whether the effects of pro-environmental recruiting messages on job pursuit intentions depend upon an applicant’s
personal environmental stance. In addition, this is the first study to demonstrate reputation’s meditational role in the effects
of corporate social responsibility on recruitment efforts. 相似文献
265.
Lexical co-occurrence models of semantic memory represent word meaning by vectors in a high-dimensional space. These vectors
are derived from word usage, as found in a large corpus of written text. Typically, these models are fully automated, an advantage
over models that represent semantics that are based on human judgments (e.g., feature-based models). A common criticism of
co-occurrence models is that the representations are not grounded: Concepts exist only relative to each other in the space
produced by the model. It has been claimed that feature-based models offer an advantage in this regard. In this article, we
take a step toward grounding a cooccurrence model. A feed-forward neural network is trained using back propagation to provide
a mapping from co-occurrence vectors to feature norms collected from subjects. We show that this network is able to retrieve
the features of a concept from its co-occurrence vector with high accuracy and is able to generalize this ability to produce
an appropriate list of features from the co-occurrence vector of a novel concept. 相似文献
266.
Spirituality and storytelling can be resources in aging successfully and in dying well given the constraints of modern day Western culture. This paper explores the relationship of aging to time and the dynamic process of the life course and discusses issues related to confronting mortality, including suffering, finitude, spirituality, and spiritual closure in regard to death. And, finally, the role of narrative in this process is taken up. 相似文献
267.
Cheryl R. Kaiser Nao Hagiwara Lori W. Malahy Clara L. Wilkins 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2009,45(4):770-777
Three studies examined the hypothesis that group identification moderates African Americans’, Asian Americans’, and women’s attitudes toward fellow ingroup members who challenge an outgroup member’s discriminatory comments or who do not speak up about the comments. Highly identified racial minorities expressed more positive attitudes toward ingroup members who confronted discriminatory comments compared to those who did not confront; whereas weakly identified minorities did not express different attitudes across the two conditions. Among women, the weakly identified expressed more negative attitudes toward other women who confronted discrimination relative to those who did not confront; whereas highly identified women did not differentially evaluate ingroup members in the two conditions. The less women identified with their group, the more negatively they evaluated ingroup members who confronted sexism. This research highlights the important role of group identification in understanding how members of devalued groups respond toward ingroup members who take a stand against discrimination. 相似文献
268.
Loretta A. Rieser-Danner Lori Roggman Judith H. Langlois 《Infant mental health journal》1987,8(2):144-155
The influence of infant physical attractiveness and infant temperament on the mother-infant relationship at 12 months of age was examined. Physical attractiveness of the infant was rated by 48 adults, and infant temperament was assessed by use of the Toddler Temperament Scale, which yields indices of activity level, rhythmicity, approach, adaptability, intensity, mood, persistence, distractibility, and threshold. Mother-infant attachment was measured via the Strange Situation. Results showed that 46% of the variance in attachment classification was accounted for by five of the nine dimensions of temperament (withdrawal from new situations, high intensity of response, low distractibility, negative mood, and low threshold of response). Physical attractiveness and other dimensions of temperament did not add significant amounts of variance over and above that contributed by the first five dimensions to the prediction of attachment. 相似文献
269.
Fear generalisation, a process by which conditioned fear spreads to similar but innocuous stimuli, is key in understanding why some individuals feel unsafe in objectively non-threatening situations. Both trait neuroticism and lack of predictability about the likelihood of feared consequences are associated with negative affect in the face of ambiguity and may increase the degree to which fear generalises. Undergraduates (N?=?129) with varying degrees of neuroticism were randomised to either high- or low-instructional predictability conditions prior to fear acquisition. A fear generalisation test measured risk ratings and attentional bias on a modified dot-probe paradigm. Among individuals with higher neuroticism, providing instructional predictability did not reduce fear; these individuals reported higher risk and increased attentional bias toward ambiguous stimuli. Overall, for individuals with higher neuroticism, predictability information hurt rather than helped interpretation of ambiguous stimuli, challenging a common conceptualisation of predictability as a factor that reduces fear. 相似文献
270.
Adrian Raine Ph.D. J. Reid Meloy Ph.D. Susan Bihrle Ph.D. Jackie Stoddard M.A. Lori Lacasse BSc. Monte S. Buchsbaum M.D. Ph.D. 《Behavioral sciences & the law》1998,16(3):319-332
There appear to be no brain imaging studies investigating which brain mechanisms subserve affective, impulsive violence versus planned, predatory violence. It was hypothesized that affectively violent offenders would have lower prefrontal activity, higher subcortical activity, and reduced prefrontal/subcortical ratios relative to controls, while predatory violent offenders would show relatively normal brain functioning. Glucose metabolism was assessed using positron emission tomography in 41 comparisons, 15 predatory murderers, and nine affective murderers in left and right hemisphere prefrontal (medial and lateral) and subcortical (amygdala, midbrain, hippocampus, and thalamus) regions. Affective murderers relative to comparisons had lower left and right prefrontal functioning, higher right hemisphere subcortical functioning, and lower right hemisphere prefrontal/subcortical ratios. In contrast, predatory murderers had prefrontal functioning that was more equivalent to comparisons, while also having excessively high right subcortical activity. Results support the hypothesis that emotional, unplanned impulsive murderers are less able to regulate and control aggressive impulses generated from subcortical structures due to deficient prefrontal regulation. It is hypothesized that excessive subcortical activity predisposes to aggressive behaviour, but that while predatory murderers have sufficiently good prefrontal functioning to regulate these aggressive impulses, the affective murderers lack such prefrontal control over emotion regulation. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献