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981.
Peter Fischer Andreas Kastenmüller Dieter Frey Claudia Peus 《Journal of applied social psychology》2009,39(1):42-61
In the workplace, people can experience various types of failure and frustrations resulting in spontaneous social comparisons with other colleagues who are more (upward comparison) or less (downward comparison) successful. Upward comparisons especially have been shown to increase envy toward the outperforming benchmark colleague, which could negatively affect social interaction with this colleague. In line with this, our results consistently show that upward comparisons are associated with higher levels of experienced envy, as well as with a lower transmission rate of high-quality information. By contrast, type of social comparison had no impact on the amount of transmitted low-quality, work-relevant information. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. 相似文献
982.
Rivka Berger Orly Sarid Nancy Hurvitz Ofra Anson 《Journal of applied social psychology》2009,39(1):82-94
The current study seeks to explore the effect of an academic course on sense of coherence (SOC) and transitory mood states. Moreover, the causal relationships between SOC and transitory mood states was evaluated. Second-year pharmacology students completed pencil-and-paper questionnaires at the beginning of the semester and 3-1/2 months later. The study group ( n = 37) participated in an academic course developed to teach cognitive behavior concept and practice, whereas the control group ( n = 43) had additional sessions of laboratory work. SOC increased significantly after the course while tension–anxiety and confusion decreased significantly. Structural equation analyses in the study group suggested that SOC was modified by confusion and perceived stress. No such pattern was observed in the control group. 相似文献
983.
Brandy Hampton David Brinberg Paula Peter Canan Corus 《Journal of applied social psychology》2009,39(2):449-471
This study investigates the effects of targeted health messages toward reducing fat consumption by applying the unified theory of behavior change ( Fishbein et al., 2001 ) and the stages of change model. In Study 1, affect and outcome expectancies significantly discriminated individuals within each stage of change. In Study 2, affect was more effective in changing intention for precontemplative individuals, whereas outcome expectancies were more effective in changing intention for contemplative individuals. Gender was a higher-order moderator of this relationship: Precontemplative males were more influenced by an affective message, whereas contemplative males were more affected by a cognitive message. For females, a cognitive message was more effective for precontemplative individuals. There were no differences between the messages for contemplative females. 相似文献
984.
Timothy D. Golden Janet L. Barnes-Farrell Peter B. Mascharka 《Journal of applied social psychology》2009,39(7):1589-1608
This article shifts the focus of prior research examining virtual work to investigate how supervisors who work virtually use subordinate performance information. Drawing insights from several research streams, in Study 1, we propose that supervisors who work virtually bias performance ratings in the direction of information that is observed directly in the office, rather than that which is received when working virtually. In Study 2, we replicate and extend these results to show that this bias is independent of the level of performance information received. Results also indicate that, for high-performing workers, performance information received virtually is evaluated more extremely than information observed directly. We did not find evidence for this extremity effect when low-performing workers were evaluated. 相似文献
985.
Allison C. Aosved Patricia J. Long Emily K. Voller 《Journal of applied social psychology》2009,39(10):2321-2354
Despite similarities between sexism, racism, sexual prejudice, ageism, classism, and religious intolerance, investigators do not routinely investigate these intolerant beliefs simultaneously. The purpose of this project was to create a brief, psychometrically sound measure of intolerance reflecting these 6 constructs. Data from existing measures (Attitudes Toward Women Scale, Neosexism Scale, Modern and Old-Fashioned Racism Scale, Modern Homophobia Scale, Frabroni Scale of Ageism, Economic Beliefs Scale, and M-GRISM) and from items created by the authors were obtained from several college samples to create the Intolerant Schema Measure (ISM). Results support the internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and factor structure of the questionnaire. Expected relationships between measured concepts, social dominance, social desirability, and across key demographic groups support the validity of the instrument. 相似文献
986.
A human social discount function measures the value to a person of a reward to another person at a given social distance. Just as delay discounting is a hyperbolic function of delay, and probability discounting is a hyperbolic function of odds-against, social discounting is a hyperbolic function of social distance. Experiment 1 obtained individual social, delay, and probability discount functions for a hypothetical $75 reward; participants also indicated how much of an initial $100 endowment they would contribute to a common investment in a public good. Steepness of discounting correlated, across participants, among all three discount dimensions. However, only social and probability discounting were correlated with the public-good contribution; high public-good contributors were more altruistic and also less risk averse than low contributors. Experiment 2 obtained social discount functions with hypothetical $75 rewards and delay discount functions with hypothetical $1,000 rewards, as well as public-good contributions. The results replicated those of Experiment 1; steepness of the two forms of discounting correlated with each other across participants but only social discounting correlated with the public-good contribution. Most participants in Experiment 2 predicted that the average contribution would be lower than their own contribution. 相似文献
987.
It is generally agreed upon that Grice’s causal theory of perception describes a necessary condition for perception. It does
not describe sufficient conditions, however, since there are entities in causal chains that we do not perceive and not all
causal chains yield perceptions. One strategy for overcoming these problems is that of strengthening the notion of causality
(as done by David Lewis). Another is that of specifying the criteria according to which perceptual experiences should match
the way the world is (Frank Jackson and Michael Tye). Finally, one can also try to provide sufficient conditions by elaborating
on the content of perceptual experiences (Alva N?e). These different strategies are considered in this paper, with the conclusion
that none of them is successful. However, a careful examination of their problems points towards the general solution that
we outline at the end.
相似文献
Valtteri Arstila (Corresponding author)Email: |
Kalle PihlainenEmail: |
988.
The primary aim of this paper is to analyze the concept of degrees of causal contribution for actual events and examine the
way in which it can be formally defined. This should go some way to filling out a gap in the legal and philosophical literature
on causation. By adopting the conception of a cause as a necessary element of a sufficient set (the so-called NESS test) we
show that the concept of degrees of causation can be given clear and even empirical meaning. We then apply a game theoretical
framework to derive a measure of causal contribution. Our favoured measure turns out to be a generalised version of the normalized
Penrose–Banzhaf index of voting power. 相似文献
989.
Philip S. Wells Martha L. Louzada Monica Taljaard David R. Anderson Susan R. Kahn Nicole J. Langlois Julie Rutberg Michael J. Kovacs Marc A. Rodger 《Journal of genetic counseling》2009,18(5):475-482
There is controversy whether asymptomatic first-degree relatives (FDRs) of patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) and
thrombophilia should be screened, followed, and prescribed prophylaxis during risk periods. We recruited consecutive probands
with idiopathic VTE and thrombophilia from our thrombosis clinics. Those FDRs with thrombophilia were randomized in family
clusters to receive one-time verbal counseling and no organized follow-up or counseling, educational material, reminder aids
and follow-up. Only 203 of 1,129 FDRs were eligible and consented. Dropouts were common; 1 FDR (1.7%) developed VTE. VTE risk,
ability to treat and prevent were underestimated by the participants. Patients with VTE and thrombophilia and their FDRs are
often not interested in thrombophilia testing. Despite education to inform their knowledge, interest and follow-up were less
than ideal. The question of the best educational approach in these patients remains unanswered. The value of testing and following
asymptomatic carriers of probands with VTE and thrombophilia remains unknown. 相似文献
990.
Owen Anderson 《Reviews in Religion & Theology》2009,16(2):240-244