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51.
Takehiko Nishimoto Takashi Ueda Kaori Miyawaki Yuko Une Masaru Takahashi 《Behavior research methods》2010,42(3):685-691
Our purpose in the present study is to provide a normative set of nonsensical pictures known as droodles and to demonstrate
the role of semantic comprehension in facilitating recall of pictorial stimuli. The set consists of 98 pairs of droodles.
Experiment 1 standardized these pictorial stimuli with respect to several variables, such as appropriateness of verbal labels,
relationship between two droodles, and correct recall. Appropriateness of verbal labels was rated higher for pictures presented
in pairs than for pictures presented singly. Experiment 2 used the standardized set of droodles in a recall experiment similar
to those of Bower, Karlin, and Dueck (1975) and others. As we expected, semantic interpretation can strongly facilitate recall.
Multiple regression analysis showed that several measures had significant power of explanation for recall performance. The
full set of norms and pictures from this article may be downloaded from http://brm.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
52.
Remembering Public,Political Events: A Cross‐Cultural and ‐Sectional Examination of Australian and Japanese Public Memories
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Charles B. Stone Olivier Luminet Masanobu Takahashi 《Applied cognitive psychology》2015,29(2):280-290
We examined and compared the initiating conditions of flashbulb memory (FBM) confidence and event memory accuracy across two different, yet similar public, political events occurring in two different countries: Australia and Japan. To do so, we seized upon the occurrence of two politically important events: the resignation of the Japanese and Australian Prime Ministers in June 2010. In a series of mean and correlation analyses, we concluded that different factors may determine event memory accuracy and FBM confidence across cultures. In particular, the way different cultures emotionally appraise and rehearse the event, their attitude toward the political parties/their political involvement and self‐construal may have important implications for how individuals accurately remember the event and the confidence they hold for their memories of the context when learning of the event. We discuss avenues of future research to better understand the extent to which cultural differences drove these results. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
53.
In their examination of elementary science classrooms, Amerine and Bilmes (1988) found that following instructions requires students to understand the relationship between the projected outcome and the
corresponding course of actions. One of the most important resources for instructions is the lesson plan, which prescribes
the sequence of teaching. However, there is often a gap between what is planned and what actually happens in the classroom.
This raises the question of how teachers come to terms with contingent variants and unexpected outcomes that real-time interactions
occasion and how lesson plans are configured into these processes. This study examines a teacher education program that uses
lesson plans as a central resource for teaching mathematics. The results suggest that classroom teachers use lesson plans
as communicative resources to identify problems, specify assumptions about their teaching and act on the evolving contingency
of classroom interaction. The interactional contingency is the locus of teaching practices, not an obstacle to the application
of procedures in lesson plans. 相似文献
54.
James H. Liu Toshio Yamagishi Feixue Wang Joanna Schug Yicheng Lin Szihsien Yu Chisato Takahashi Li‐Li Huang 《Asian Journal of Social Psychology》2011,14(4):246-257
Using a dyadic game theory paradigm, three experiments on the social dilemma of trust were conducted over the Internet in real time, involving real money. It was predicted and found that in‐group favouritism in trusting behaviour was contingent on historical relationships between societies. In the China–Japan experiment, mainland Chinese but not Japanese trusted and made fair allocations to in‐group members more than out‐group members, and out‐group trust was best predicted by positive stereotypes of the out‐group for Chinese and identity for Japanese. In the China–Taiwan experiment, Taiwanese but not Mainland Chinese trusted in‐group members more than out‐group members, and in‐group trust for Taiwanese was best predicted by perceptions of current realistic threats. In the Taiwan–Japan experiment, there were slight in‐group favouring tendencies in trust, and positive stereotypes of the out‐group were the best predictors of out‐group trust. Japanese were unique in not displaying in‐group favouring behaviour at all, whereas both Chinese and Taiwanese were context specific in their in‐group favouritism. Stereotypes, social identities, perceptions of realistic threat, and historical anger made significant contributions to predicting trusting behaviour, but overall these survey measures only accounted for small and inconsistent amounts of variance across the three experiments. 相似文献
55.
The pathways between parenting behaviours, personality and physical health have all been separately studied. Prior research has paid little attention to the indirect effects of personality in the path between parenting behaviours and better health. The purpose of this study was to explore the mediational effects of conscientiousness on the relationships between parental socialisation of responsibility and self-rated health, and to examine potential age differences in this mediational pathway. In total, 736 female and 749 male members across Japan participated in this study. They were divided into three groups by age category: younger-, middle-aged and older-aged. Conscientiousness and health were concurrently rated, while parental socialisation of responsibility was retrospectively assessed. Our analyses revealed that parental socialisation of responsibility is positively associated with conscientiousness and self-rated health, that conscientiousness is positively associated with self-rated health, and that conscientiousness fully mediated the effect of parental socialisation of responsibility on self-rated health. The mediational links were consistent across younger, middle-aged and older-aged cohorts. Our findings suggest that greater parental socialisation of responsibility relates to higher conscientiousness, and consequently healthier adults. These findings imply that parental behaviours could be a plausible target for intervention to foster the development of conscientiousness and better health. 相似文献
56.
Time perception is involved in various cognitive functions. This study investigated the characteristics of short-term memory for event duration by examining how the length of the retention period affects inter- and intramodal duration judgment. On each trial, a sample stimulus was followed by a comparison stimulus, after a variable delay period (0.5?C5?s). The sample and comparison stimuli were presented in the visual or auditory modality. The participants determined whether the comparison stimulus was longer or shorter than the sample stimulus. The distortion pattern of subjective duration during the delay period depended on the sensory modality of the comparison stimulus but was not affected by that of the sample stimulus. When the comparison stimulus was visually presented, the retained duration of the sample stimulus was shortened as the delay period increased. Contrarily, when the comparison stimulus was presented in the auditory modality, the delay period had little to no effect on the retained duration. Furthermore, whenever the participants did not know the sensory modality of the comparison stimulus beforehand, the effect of the delay period disappeared. These results suggest that the memory process for event duration is specific to sensory modality and that its performance is determined depending on the sensory modality in which the retained duration will be used subsequently. 相似文献
57.
Aki Kondo Kohske Takahashi Katsumi Watanabe 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2013,75(7):1347-1352
Responses in a current trial are biased by the stimulus and response in the preceding trial. In a mixed-category sequence, the sequential dependency is weaker when the stimuli of the current and preceding trials fall under different categories. In the present study, we investigated the influence of the gender membership of faces on the sequential dependency. Forty-eight pictures of male and female faces were presented successively. Participants rated the attractiveness, roundness, or intelligence of each face on a 7-point scale. The sequential effect was robustly observed, irrespective of the property to be judged. However, between-gender sequential dependency was weaker than within-gender dependency only in the attractiveness judgment. These findings suggest that the gender of faces serves as a cue for forming category representations when face attractiveness is of interest, and hence that the formation of categories in sequential decisions is an adaptive process that depends on the property to be judged. 相似文献
58.
Maladaptive emotion regulation is a risk factor for depression when an individual is experiencing stressful interpersonal events. Although emotion regulation has several different dimensions, little is known about which of these mediate the relationship between interpersonal stress and depressive symptoms. The current study examined self-ratings of emotion regulation, interpersonal stress, and depression in a sample of non-clinical undergraduate students (N = 152). Our results indicated that two facets of emotion regulation (i.e., lack of emotional clarity and limited access to emotion regulation strategies) fully mediate the relationship between interpersonal stress and depression. Hence, to minimize depressive symptoms when experiencing interpersonal stress, our findings suggest that it is important for individuals to be clear about their feelings and to attempt to transition from negative feelings to alternative feelings. 相似文献
59.
Yoshiyuki Hirano Takayuki Obata Hidehiko Takahashi Atsumichi Tachibana Daigo Kuroiwa Toru Takahashi Hiroo Ikehira Minoru Onozuka 《Brain and cognition》2013
In recent years, chewing has been discussed as producing effects of maintaining and sustaining cognitive performance. We have reported that chewing may improve or recover the process of working memory; however, the mechanisms underlying these phenomena are still to be elucidated. We investigated the effect of chewing on aspects of attention and cognitive processing speed, testing the hypothesis that this effect induces higher cognitive performance. Seventeen healthy adults (20–34 years old) were studied during attention task with blood oxygenation level-dependent functional (fMRI) at 3.0 T MRI. The attentional network test (ANT) within a single task fMRI containing two cue conditions (no cue and center cue) and two target conditions (congruent and incongruent) was conducted to examine the efficiency of alerting and executive control. Participants were instructed to press a button with the right or left thumb according to the direction of a centrally presented arrow. Each participant underwent two back-to-back ANT sessions with or without chewing gum, odorless and tasteless to remove any effect other than chewing. Behavioral results showed that mean reaction time was significantly decreased during chewing condition, regardless of speed-accuracy trade-off, although there were no significant changes in behavioral effects (both alerting and conflict effects). On the other hand, fMRI analysis revealed higher activations in the anterior cingulate cortex and left frontal gyrus for the executive network and motor-related regions for both attentional networks during chewing condition. These results suggested that chewing induced an increase in the arousal level and alertness in addition to an effect on motor control and, as a consequence, these effects could lead to improvements in cognitive performance. 相似文献
60.
Saiki J Koike T Takahashi K Inoue T 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2005,31(6):1274-1287
The underlying mechanism of search asymmetry is still unknown. Many computational models postulate top-down selection of target-defining features as a crucial factor. This feature selection account implies, and other theories implicitly assume, that predefined target identity is necessary for search asymmetry. The authors tested the validity of the feature selection account using a singleton search task without a predefined target. Participants conducted a target-defined and a singleton search task with a circle (O) and a circle with a vertical bar (Q). Search asymmetry was observed in both tasks with almost identical magnitude. The results were not due to trial-by-trial feature selection, because search asymmetry persisted even when the target was completely unpredictable. Asymmetry in the singleton search was also observed with more complex stimuli, Kanji characters. These results suggest that feature selection is not necessary for search asymmetry, and they impose important constraints on current visual search theories. 相似文献