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121.
Jeffrey R. Stevens 《Animal cognition》2010,13(4):663-670
Helping others at no cost to oneself is a simple way to demonstrate other-regarding preferences. Yet, primates exhibit mixed
results for other-regarding preferences: chimpanzees and tamarins do not show these effects, whereas capuchin monkeys and
marmosets preferentially give food to others. One factor of relevance to this no-cost food donation is the payoff to the donor.
Though donors always receive the same payoffs regardless of their choice, previous work varies in whether they receive either
a food reward or no food reward. Here, I tested cotton-top tamarins in a preferential giving task. Subjects could choose from
two tools, one of which delivered food to a partner in an adjacent cage and the other of which delivered food to an empty
cage. Thus, subjects could preferentially give or withhold food from a partner. I varied whether subjects received food payoffs,
whether a partner was present or absent, and whether the partner was a non-cagemate or the subject’s mate. Results showed
that the subjects’ overall motivation to pull either tool declined when they did not receive any food. Additionally, they
did not preferentially donate or withhold food, regardless of their own payoff or their relationship with the partner. Thus,
cotton-top tamarins do not take advantage of cost-free food giving, either when they might gain in the future (mates) or when
they have no opportunity for future interactions (non-cagemates). 相似文献
122.
Lonneke Dubbelt Evangelia Demerouti 《European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology》2019,28(3):300-314
We examine how job crafting (i.e. seeking resources, seeking challenges, decreasing demands) increases the person-job fit of employees. In Study 1, we studied job crafting’s effects over time. 111 employees filled out a questionnaire at two time points with 6 months in between. We found that seeking resources behavior at Time 1 positively affected work engagement, task performance, and career satisfaction at Time 2. Decreasing demands at Time 1 negatively affected work engagement, task performance, and career satisfaction at Time 2. In Study 2, we tested a job crafting intervention using a quasi-experimental design (i.e., intervention group, N = 60, and a control group, N = 59). The intervention was successful, as participants in the intervention group increased seeking resources and decreasing demands behaviors. Furthermore, seeking resources behavior was the main driver of increased participants’ work engagement, task performance, and career satisfaction. 相似文献
123.
The American Journal of Psychoanalysis - Identity development depends on the ability to say ‘no.’ Setting limits enables a relationship between two separate individuals to develop.... 相似文献
124.
Sara A. Stevens Greg L. West Naseem Al-Aidroos Ulrich W. Weger Jay Pratt 《Psychonomic bulletin & review》2008,15(6):1148-1153
It has been suggested that two types of uninformative central cues produce reflexive orienting: gaze and arrow cues. Using
the criterion that voluntary shifts of attention facilitate both response speed and perceptual accuracy, whereas reflexive
shifts of attention facilitate only response speed (Prinzmetal, McCool, & Park, 2005), we tested whether these cues produce
reflexive or volitional shifts of attention. A cued letter discrimination task was used with both gaze (Experiments 1A and
1B) and arrow (Experiments 2A and 2B) cues, in which participants responded to the identity of the target letter. In the response
time (respond speed) tasks, participants were asked to respond as quickly as possible to the target; in the accuracy (perceptual
quality) tasks, participants were asked to respond as accurately as possible. For both cue types, compatible cues were found
to facilitate response speed but not perceptual accuracy, indicating that both gaze and arrow cues generate reflexive shifts
in attention. 相似文献
125.
Professor Kathy Sylva Stephen Scott Vasiliki Totsika Katharina Ereky‐Stevens Carolyn Crook 《The British journal of educational psychology》2008,78(3):435-455
Background . Low levels of literacy and high levels of behaviour problems in middle childhood often co‐occur. These persistent difficulties pose a risk to academic and social development, leading to social exclusion in adulthood. Although parent‐training programmes have been shown to be effective in enabling parents to support their children's development, very few parent interventions offer a combination of behavioural and literacy training. Aims . This paper (1) reports on a prevention programme which aimed to tackle behaviour and literacy problems in children at the beginning of school, and (2) presents the effects of the intervention on children's literacy. Sample . One hundred and four 5‐ and 6‐year‐old children selected from eight schools in an inner city disadvantaged community in London participated in the intervention. Methods . This is a randomized control trial with pre‐ and post‐measurements designed to evaluate the effectiveness of an intervention. The behavioural intervention consisted of the ‘Incredible Years’ group parenting programme combined with a new programme designed to train parents to support their children's reading at home. Results . Analyses demonstrated a significant effect of the intervention on children's word reading and writing skills, as well as parents' use of reading strategies with their children. Conclusion . A structured multicomponent preventive package delivered with attention to fidelity can enable parents to support their children's reading at home and increase their literacy skills. Together with the improvement in child behaviour, these changes could improve the life chances of children in disadvantaged communities. 相似文献
126.
The progressive demasking (PDM) task is a perceptual identification task using degraded stimulus presentation procedures, but with the advantage of providing response time (RT) measures on each trial. Participants simply press a response button whenever they recognize a word. In this article, we present newly developed, easy-to-use freeware for PDM. Considering the difficulty of programming such a paradigm with standard experimental software, we developed a program based on high-level C libraries to be executed on Windows XP computers. The program execution is millisecond accurate forRT measurements and generates the fewest possible display duration errors. 相似文献
127.
Piper ME Federmen EB McCarthy DE Bolt DM Smith SS Fiore MC Baker TB 《Journal of abnormal psychology》2008,117(1):94-105
Various theories have proposed mechanisms for drug motivation and relapse. For instance, negative reinforcement theories focus on the alleviation of withdrawal. However, other theories and some data cast doubt on the importance of withdrawal as a motivator of addictive drug use. Using data from a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled smoking cessation treatment study (N=608), this research examined the impact of withdrawal on drug motivation and the ability to maintain abstinence. Withdrawal was experimentally manipulated by randomly assigning participants to receive active bupropion versus placebo. Mediation analyses revealed that active bupropion reduced the amount of withdrawal and craving that individuals reported in the 1st week post quit; modest support was also found for smaller declines in positive affect. These effects, in turn, were all positively associated with posttreatment abstinence. These results implicate withdrawal as an important factor in motivating persistent tobacco use. 相似文献
128.
Lonneke A. L. De Meijer Marise Ph. Born Gert Terlouw Henk T. Van Der Molen 《International Journal of Selection & Assessment》2008,16(4):321-332
This study investigated the criterion‐related validity of cognitive ability as well as non‐cognitive ability measures and differences between ethnic majority (N=2365) and minority applicants (N=682) in Dutch police officer selection. Findings confirmed the relatively low predictive validity of cognitive ability generally found for police jobs. Previous research reported no differential prediction. The present study, however, found small but systematic evidence for differences in validity for the ethnic majority and minority group of both cognitive and non‐cognitive measures. For the minority group, training performance appeared to be mainly predicted by the cognitive ability test. For the majority group, cognitive ability showed very little predictive power. Non‐cognitive ability variables appeared to be somewhat more predictive in this group. 相似文献
129.
Adam [1976; Lehman and Adams, 1977] suggested that a resident rat makes an olfactory comparison of cage odor and other rat odor prior to attacking an unfamiliar conspecific intruder. The findings of the present study are consistent with the notion that rats discriminate between familiar and unfamiliar putative urinary odorants Adult male albino rats were tested for preferences between areas treated with familiar urine (11 hours pretest exposure), unfamiliar urine (no pretest exposure), and untreated areas. Subjects (N = 12) preferred areas treated with familiar urine over ones treated with unfamiliar urine (p < 0.05). Also, they (N = 12 per preference-test group) preferred areas treated with either urine over untreated ones (familiar versus clean, p < 0.01; unfamiliar versus clean, p < 0.05). 相似文献
130.
The influence of the environmental context upon serial learning was investigated in a PI design in Experiment 1 and an RI design in Experiment 2. Either one or four lists learned either before or after the critical list were used to manipulate PI or RI, respectively. Learning the critical list in the same room as the interference-inducing lists or in a different room provided the first context manipulation. The second context factor involved relearning the critical list in the same room as it was learned 24 hours earlier, or in a different one. In the PI study the early and middle thirds of the list were affected by context in original learning. In relearning, correct responses over the first two trials differed both as a function of number of prior lists learned and of original learning context. With RI, fewer trials to relearn were required by a condition involving facilitating context manipulations, relative to a neutral context, and a competing context condition was inferior. The results are largely consistent with predictions derived from the interference theory of forgetting and traditional associative learning theory. 相似文献