Towards a Psychology of Rural Development Processes and Interventions

A psychosocial approach to rural development and development interventions, which we designate as ‘psychology of rural development’ (PsyRD), does not yet exist as an area of research or intervention within the field of psychology or development studies, even though rural development is in part obviously shaped by psychosocial factors. Thus, in this discussion paper, we argue the need for PsyRD, explore how it may provide new insights and tools for analysis vis‐à‐vis rural development scenarios and issues of social equity and outline the shape that, in our view, such a psychology should take. First, the multiple dimensions of rural development and the many practical problems faced by rural development agents contain strong psychosocial elements that require contributions from psychology. Yet at the same time, the psychological literature on this topic contains many limitations and biases, which leads us to, in the second part of the paper lay the groundwork for a PsyRD that focuses on the importance of adopting a critical and interdisciplinary approach capable of dealing with complexity and multidetermination. Finally, we conclude by outlining the challenges of PsyRD. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

空间位置对大学生逃生决策中从众行为的影响

空间位置与从众行为是影响紧急情况下人员疏散的两个重要因素,该研究在于探讨 这两个因素在人们的逃生决策中究竟如何发挥影响作用.研究采用3（空间位置）×4（人数分布）被试内实验设计对随机选取的60名大学生进行研究.结果发现,空间位置和人数分布均对疏散行为有显著影响,且两者之间存在显著的交互作用.多数人在对逃生出口选择对,距离出口的远近（所处的空间位置）是最先考虑的因素,有少部分人会表现出从众行为,而忽略空间位置.当所处位置在中间时,人数分布成为影响决策的重要因素.这说明空间位置和人数分布影响了人们的从众行为,进而影响逃生决策.     

行政执法类公务员绩效考核指标体系研究

以工作分析为基础,对我国行政执法类公务员的绩效考核指标体系进行了研究.通过对云南省工商、药监、质检三个部门执法职能处室公务员的访谈和问卷调查,编制了行政执法类公务员绩效考核评价问卷.运用项目分析、探索性因素分析、验证性因素分析等方法,构建了行政执法类公务员绩效考核的指标体系,共包括9个二级指标和27个三级指标.问卷的内部一致性系数达到0.859,表明一致性信度良好;各维度与问卷总分的相关在0.543 ～0.782之间,且达到显著水平,说明各分问卷与总问卷的整体概念较为一致;验证性因素分析结果显示,修正后的二阶模型拟合指标中,绝对拟和指数x2/df、近似误差均方根RMSEA和相对拟合指数NNFI、CFI和IFI都达到了理想水平,说明问卷的结构效度良好.再以层次分析法对该绩效考核指标体系赋权重,使其更加合理且易于操作,具有应用价值.     

面孔-人格知觉中眼部线索及其效应

人们常常会基于他人面孔特征对其人格做出相应推论。在影响面孔-人格知觉的五官特征中, 眼部特征最具复杂性。总体上, 眼部线索可分为可变和不可变两大类。可变线索包括注视方向、眼睑开放程度与眼部区域的表情等; 不可变线索包括眼睛大小、巩膜着色程度、虹膜颜色以及巩膜暴露指数等。从以上线索效应的潜在作用机制来看, 可以将眼部线索分为三大类, 即受病理因素影响的眼部线索、与特定群体相关的眼部线索和受主观意识或生理因素调控的眼部线索。此外, 也进一步指出了未来研究还需加以考虑的其他眼部特征效应, 以及待拓展深入的研究视角。     

性激素对人类择偶偏好的影响

择偶是一种重要的心理、社会和文化现象,婚恋择偶除了会受当下社会文化习俗等人文因素的影响,也受到个体生理机制的影响。本文聚焦热点,从进化心理学的角度阐述性激素对人类择偶偏好的影响。女性的择偶偏好受生理周期激素变化的影响,男性的择偶则会因为体内睾酮含量的不同而发生变化。性激素不仅影响人的心理和行为,还会影响人类择偶决策的神经机制。未来的相关研究应关注生理周期的测定方法、被试的文化背景和个体间的差异等。     

Transdiagnostic Implications of Parental Socialization of Child and Adolescent Emotional Development: Commentary and Future Directions

Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology - This special issue consists of 23 articles focusing on parent socialization of emotion in children and adolescents as a transdiagnostic factor for...     

Normalizing the Use of Single-Item Measures: Validation of the Single-Item Compendium for Organizational Psychology

Journal of Business and Psychology - The application of single-item measures has the potential to help applied researchers address conceptual, methodological, and empirical challenges. Based on a...     

Pediatric Living Lung Donor Transplant Candidates: Psychiatric Status of Utilized and Non-Utilized Donors

Living donor lung (lobar) transplantation has greatly decreased in the past decade due to the success of the lung allocation score (LAS) system, instituted in 2005 by the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network (OPTN). Between 1993 and 2006, 460 living lung donor transplants were performed in the United States with 369 donations occurring at the University of Southern California and Washington University in St. Louis. These two centers accounted for over 80% of all living donor lung transplants between 1994 and 2006. All potential donors received a psychological/psychiatric evaluation as part of the donor selection process, which is standard practice in the United States, Europe, and Asia. Utilized and non-utilized lung donors were compared in terms of their psychiatric history and present status. Results indicated that 31% (N?=?54) of the total sample had a lifetime prevalence of a psychiatric disorder, which is less than that the 46% lifetime rate for the general population (Kessler in Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:593–602, 2005). This study did find that psychiatric history or status was not exclusion factor for transplant surgery in either group. This observation about psychiatric issues in potential living lung donors should be useful to transplant centers who utilize adult live donors of any solid organ type for pediatric recipients and in Japan where live donor lung transplants still represent a significant proportion of lung transplants (Date in J Thorac Dis 8: S631–S636, 2016).

     

A FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF HAIR PULLING

We experimentally assessed the functions of hair pulling and hair manipulation of a 19-year-old woman (Kris) with moderate mental retardation and cerebral palsy. In Phase 1 a functional analysis revealed that Kris pulled and manipulated hair for the greatest amount of time in the alone condition, suggesting that the behaviors were maintained by some form of automatic reinforcement (Vaughan & Michael, 1982). In Phase 2 we assessed the nature of the sensory stimulation that maintained hair pulling by providing continuous access to previously pulled or cut hair and, thereafter, by having Kris wear a rubber glove. The results suggested that hair pulling was maintained by digital-tactile stimulation (automatic positive reinforcement). These findings are discussed, and recommendations for further analyses of automatically reinforced habit behaviors are provided.     

胖负面身体自我女大学生对胖信息的注意偏好:注意警觉还是注意维持

本研究对已有负面身体自我个体注意偏好研究采用的实验范式的问题进行了分析,提出胖负面身体自我个体对胖相关信息的注意偏向存在的另一种可能,即胖负面身体自我个体对胖相关信息可能存在注意维持时间更长的假设。共设计了3个实验对假设进行验证。实验1a采用线索范式研究高胖负面身体自我个体对胖相关词语的注意警觉和注意维持,线索目标SOA为300ms,实验1b采用同样的实验范式,只是将实验材料变为更具直接意义的身体轮廓图。两个实验的结果均支持实验假设,但是未能排除反应准备和线索对目标产生掩蔽等因素的影响。因此,实验2在身体和花瓶轮廓图周围呈现字母,要求被试对字母进行辨认,对被试的注意维持成分进行直接的测量。结果验证了高胖负面身体自我女大学生对胖身体轮廓图注意维持时间更长。综合几个实验的结果,得到以下结论:在本实验条件下,胖负面身体自我女大学生对胖身体信息的注意偏差成分是注意维持时间更长。