感数的认知机制：从注意到工作记忆

感数(subitizing)是对小数精确而迅速的知觉, 它反映了有机体的一种基本数量表征能力。研究者曾一度认为感数是一个前注意的并行加工过程, 近年来的一些研究发现感数是需要注意资源的, 但是注意资源假设不能有效解释感数与计数的分离。为解决这一困惑, 本文综述了感数和视空间工作记忆的相似性, 在此基础上提出一种新的观点来解释感数的认知机制：视空间工作记忆容量决定了个体一次能精确知觉到的客体的数量, 而注意决定了哪些信息进入视空间工作记忆。     

状态焦虑对回溯式时距判断的影响：认知评价和记忆偏向有调节的中介作用

探讨状态焦虑对回溯式时距判断的影响,并检测记忆偏向与认知评价在其中的中介和调节作用。实验1招募大学生60人,随机分为高、低状态焦虑组,采用情绪诱导程序诱导高、低状态焦虑;采用口头估计任务测量回溯式时距判断,考察高、低状态焦虑诱导后的回溯式时距判断差异。实验2在实验1的基础上,招募大学生60人,增加自由回忆任务测量记忆偏向,考察状态焦虑对回溯式时距判断的影响中记忆偏向的中介作用。实验3在实验1和实验2的基础上,招募大学生90人,增加视觉模拟心境量表测量认知评价,考察状态焦虑对回溯式时距判断的影响,并检测认知评价与记忆偏向在其中的作用。结果发现：(1)在回溯式时距判断中,高状态焦虑比低状态焦虑更高估时距;(2)在状态焦虑对回溯式时距判断的影响中,记忆偏向具有中介作用;(3)在状态焦虑对回溯式时距判断的影响中,认知评价和记忆偏向存在有调节的中介作用：只有当认知评价得分较低时,即对于认为焦虑对身体健康有害程度较低的个体而言,在状态焦虑影响回溯式时距判断中,记忆偏向具有完全中介作用,即状态焦虑只通过记忆偏向影响回溯式时距判断。研究结果揭示了焦虑个体回溯式时距判断的内部过程,验证了注意闸门模型中有...     

Culture, attention, and emotion

This research provides experimental evidence for cultural influence on one of the most basic elements of emotional processing: attention to positive versus negative stimuli. To this end, we focused on Russian culture, which is characterized by brooding and melancholy. In Study 1, Russians spent significantly more time looking at negative than positive pictures, whereas Americans did not show this tendency. In Study 2, Russian Latvians were randomly primed with symbols of each culture, after which we measured the speed of recognition for positive versus negative trait words. Biculturals were significantly faster in recognizing negative words (as compared with baseline) when primed with Russian versus Latvian cultural symbols. Greater identification with Russian culture facilitated this effect. We provide a theoretical discussion of mental processes underlying cultural differences in emotion research.     

书写人文医学方法论研究新篇章——关于人文医学实证方法的几点思考

实证方法在人文医学研究中占有重要地位.狭义实证方法的特征是用统计计量方法对数据进行处理和分析.广义实证方法通过非计量的研究手段揭示研究对象的实证元素.实证方法和非实证方法在人文医学研究中的适应域具有差异性.人文医学因研究对象的特征具有部分非实证性.实证方法运用的规范化是人文医学方法论研究中的重要问题.     

论责任心的类型与层级

责任心的类型多种多样,并且,自个体步入前习俗水千开始,其责任心就既不再是有与无的关系,也不是一个平面关系,而是一个呈金字塔形的层级关系。就正确责任心而言,将“他律型责任心”与“自律型责任心”、“硬角色责任心”与“软角色责任心”进行排列组合,并考虑到量的差异,就生出了发展水平高低不同的多层次责任心：其中,拥有他律型硬角色责任心,是做个有责任心之人的底线。拥有第二层次的责任心有两种典型做法：一是拥有一般水平的自律型硬角色责任心;二是拥有他律型软角色责任心。个体二旦拥有一般水平的自律型软角色责任心,其责任心就达到了第三层次。拥有第四层次的责任心有两种典型做法：拥有高水平的自律型硬角色责任心,或拥有舍小我成大我且自律型软角色责任心。拥有高水平自律型软角色责任心,是做一个有责任心之人的最高境界。     

Marginal and Random Intercepts Models for Longitudinal Binary Data With Examples From Criminology

Two models for the analysis of longitudinal binary data are discussed: the marginal model and the random intercepts model. In contrast to the linear mixed model (LMM), the two models for binary data are not subsumed under a single hierarchical model. The marginal model provides group-level information whereas the random intercepts model provides individual-level information including information about heterogeneity of growth. It is shown how a type of numerical averaging can be used with the random intercepts model to obtain group-level information, thus approximating individual and marginal aspects of the LMM. The types of inferences associated with each model are illustrated with longitudinal criminal offending data based on N = 506 males followed over a 22-year period. Violent offending indexed by official records and self-report were analyzed, with the marginal model estimated using generalized estimating equations and the random intercepts model estimated using maximum likelihood. The results show that the numerical averaging based on the random intercepts can produce prediction curves almost identical to those obtained directly from the marginal model parameter estimates. The results provide a basis for contrasting the models and the estimation procedures and key features are discussed to aid in selecting a method for empirical analysis.     

The many faces of assumed similarity in perceptions of personality

We propose that most coefficients of assumed similarity in acquaintance ratings are based on actual similarity between observer and target rather than any bias to project self onto other. We assessed assumed similarity, actual similarity, and rater accuracy in 62 university roommate dyads who rated each other on 74 personality-related variables. Our findings indicate that our roommates (a) were actually alike on many variables, (b) knew this, rather than assumed it, and (c) applied this knowledge to enhance the accuracy of their ratings. We outline a model of judgment that urges three distinct concepts: true assumed similarity, known similarity, and spurious similarity. We conclude that personality ratings among acquaintances reflecting true assumed similarity are probably rare.