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161.
Haddon JE George DN Grayson L McGowan C Honey RC Killcross S 《Quarterly journal of experimental psychology (2006)》2011,64(1):1-9
Cognitive impairments in schizophrenia have been characterized as reflecting a core deficit in the maintenance or use of task-setting cues to mediate appropriate ongoing behaviour. This analysis suggests that cognitive deficits in schizophrenia will be particularly evident when different task-setting cues dictate when different responses are required by the same stimuli. One simple task in which task-setting cues are required is a biconditional discrimination. Here we examined the performance of participants with high and low schizotypy scores (Mason, Claridge, & Jackson, 1995) on a biconditional discrimination and an otherwise equivalent, control discrimination that did not require the use of task-setting cues. Participants scoring highly on the Introvertive Anhedonia subscale (which has been allied to the negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia) performed poorly on the biconditional, but not on the control, discrimination. No other subscales demonstrated a significant influence on either biconditional or control performance. 相似文献
162.
M. Norton Wise 《Erkenntnis》2011,75(3):349-376
The traditional mode of explanation in physics via deduction from partial differential equations is contrasted here with explanation
via simulations. I argue that the different technologies employed constitute different languages, which support different
sorts of narratives. The narratives that accompany simulations and articulate their meaning are typically historical or natural
historical in kind. They explain complex phenomena by growing them rather than by referring them to general laws. Examples of such growth simulations and growth narratives come from the
evolution of wave functions in quantum chaos, snowflake formation, and Etruscan genetics. The examples suggest a few concluding
remarks on historical explanation. 相似文献
163.
Seth SG Goka T Harbison A Hollier L Peterson S Ramondetta L Noblin SJ 《Journal of genetic counseling》2011,20(6):660-673
Given the complex array of emotional and medical issues that may arise when making a decision about amniocentesis, women may
find that their spiritual and/or religious beliefs can comfort and assist their decision-making process. Prior research has
suggested that Latinas’ spiritual and/or religious beliefs directly influence their amniocentesis decision. A more intimate
look into whether Latinas utilize their beliefs during amniocentesis decision-making may provide an opportunity to better
understand their experience. The overall goal of this study was to describe the role structured religion and spirituality
plays in Latinas’ daily lives and to evaluate how religiosity and spirituality influences health care decisions, specifically
in prenatal diagnosis. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with eleven women who were invited to describe their religious
beliefs and thoughts while considering the option of amniocentesis. All participants acknowledged the influence of religious
and/or spiritual beliefs in their everyday lives. Although the women sought comfort and found validation in their beliefs
and in their faith in God’s will during their amniocentesis decision-making process, results suggest the risk of procedure-related
complications played more of a concrete role than their beliefs. 相似文献
164.
Ruth M. Senyonyi Lois A. Ochieng James Sells 《Journal of counseling and development : JCD》2012,90(4):500-504
Professional counseling in Uganda has foundations in traditional cultures of its peoples, guidance offered in schools, and counseling to curb the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Currently, a definitive professional counselor profile in Uganda is being established. The Uganda Counselling Association continues the process of seeking legal authority to regulate counselor training, supervision, and practice. Counselors need to carry out more research to make counseling more relevant to the African situations, cultures, and customs. 相似文献
165.
A story-stem paradigm was used to assess interpretation bias in preschool children. Data were available for 131 children. Interpretation bias, behavioral inhibition (BI), and anxiety were assessed when children were aged between 3 years 2 months and 4 years 5 months. Anxiety was subsequently assessed 12 months, 2 years, and 5 years later. A significant difference in interpretation bias was found between participants who met criteria for an anxiety diagnosis at baseline, with clinically anxious participants more likely to complete the ambiguous story-stems in a threat-related way. Threat interpretations significantly predicted anxiety symptoms at 12-month follow-up, after controlling for baseline symptoms, but did not predict anxiety symptoms or diagnoses at either 2-year or 5-year follow-up. There was little evidence for a relationship between BI and interpretation bias. Overall, the pattern of results was not consistent with the hypothesis that interpretation bias plays a role in the development of anxiety. Instead, some evidence for a role in the maintenance of anxiety over relatively short periods of time was found. The use of a story-stem methodology to assess interpretation bias in young children is discussed along with the theoretical and clinical implications of the findings. 相似文献
166.
Laura Silverglade Donald J. Tosi Pamela Sharrett Wise Ayres D'costa 《The Journal of general psychology》2013,140(3):199-207
Asthmatic adolescents (N = 129) between the ages of 12 and 18 were assembled into three groups on the basis of severity of illness and were compared with each other and with a fourth group of 74 healthy, nonasthmatic adolescents. Differences in selective cognitive (irrational beliefs) and emotional (anxiety, depression, and hostility) characteristics were examined. Multivariate analysis indicated that irrational beliefs in the importance of approval and the lack of control of emotions, along with self-reported anxiety, depression, or hostility, were strongly associated with disease severity. Whereas adolescents with mild asthma closely resembled the physically healthy comparison group, adolescents with moderate and severe asthma exhibited a cognitive-emotional complex that can be described as maladaptive or dysfunctional. Implications of these results for the treatment of asthma are discussed. 相似文献
167.
Helen Lois Koch 《The Journal of genetic psychology》2013,174(1):249-251
Abstract Rachel Stutsman. Mental Measurement of Preschool Children. Yonkers, N. Y.: World Book Co., 1931. Pp. x+368. 相似文献
168.
This study evaluated the relationship between the personality construct of alexithymia and the attribution of depression to biological, psychological, sociocultural, and external stress. When alexithymia was considered as a continuous variable, there was a significant correlation between a higher score on the Toronto Alexithymia Scale and a greater belief in psychological causes for their psychiatric disorder. The other factors also had positive but nonsignificant correlations with alexithymia. When alexithymia was categorically partitioned and controlled for depressed mood, alexithymic subjects more frequently endorsed all four factors to be causal for their psychiatric illness. This appears to contradict earlier assumptions that alexithymic patients tend to be less psychologically minded than those without this psychological trait. 相似文献
169.
The role of fair treatment and rewards in perceptions of organizational support and leader-member exchange 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
This study examined a model of the antecedents and consequences of perceived organizational support (POS) and leader-member exchange (LMX). It was predicted that organizational justice (procedural and distributive justice) and organizational practices that provide recognition to the employee (feelings of inclusion and recognition from upper management) would influence POS. For LMX, it was predicted that leader reward (distributive justice and contingent rewards) and punishment behavior would be important antecedents. Results based on a sample of 211 employee-supervisor dyads indicated that organizational justice, inclusion, and recognition were related to POS and contingent rewards were related to LMX. In terms of consequences, POS was related to employee commitment and organizational citizenship behavior, whereas LMX predicted performance ratings. 相似文献
170.
Women at greatest risk for hereditary breast and ovarian cancer may consider prophylactic removal of breasts or ovaries as
a risk-reduction measure. This report describes uptake of risk-reduction mastectomy (RRM), risk-reduction oophorectomy (RRO),
and related factors in 62 high-risk women who received genetic counseling. Seven (11%) participants underwent RRM and 13 (21%)
underwent RRO. Of these women, 37% did not have BRCA testing, suggesting other factors influence decisions to undergo surgery.
Women who had indicated (pre-genetic counseling) their intent not to have surgery chose not to have surgery. Information received
during genetic counseling that women perceived as being most important for influencing risk-reduction surgery decisions was BRCA test result (positive or negative), followed by discussion
of family cancer history. Reasons for indecision about risk-reduction surgery included genetic testing results, concerns about
surgery, timing in life, and early menopause. The findings enhance our understanding of information that is helpful to women
considering this surgery. 相似文献