Morphologic agrammatism following a right hemisphere stroke in a dextral patient.

There is evidence of two major components of grammatic function in the brain: (1) morphologic, probably based in the postcentral perisylvian cortex, encompassing the selection of individual words and inflectional endings according to the rules of grammar; and (2) syntactic, probably based in the frontal lobes, encompassing construction of the overall structure of a sentence (syntax) to match the concept being considered. We present a stroke patient with impaired morphology but, unlike Broca's aphasics, relative sparing of syntax. He omitted 43% of articles, 40% of complementizers, 20% of pronouns, 27% of semantically marked prepositions, 43% of purely grammatic prepositions, and 22% of auxiliary verbs, but his average sentence length was 9.8 words and 64% of his sentences contained embedded clauses. He frequently intermingled two sentences to convey a given concept, juxtaposing words in grammatically unacceptable ways. This intermingling may represent either a grammatic "conduite d'approche," or a failure of the filtering function of a defective morphologic processor. His great difficulty in completing syntactic frames suggests that a more general form of the processes underlying grammatic morphology may play an important role in phrase structure generation.     

Single and combined effects of methylphenidate and behavior therapy on the classroom performance of children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder

Twenty-four boys with attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) participating in an intensive summer treatment program each received b.i.d. placebo and two doses of methylphenidate (MPH, 0.3 mg/kg and 0.6 mg/kg) crossed with two classroom settings: a behavior modification classroom including a token economy system, time out and daily home report card, and a regular classroom setting not using these procedures. Dependent variables included classroom observations of on-task and disruptive behavior, academic work completion and accuracy, and daily self-ratings of performance. Both MPH and behavior modification alone significantly improved children's classroom behavior, but only MPH improved children's academic productivity and accuracy. Singly, behavior therapy and 0.3 mg/kg PMH produced roughly equivalent improvements in classroom behavior. Further, the combination of behavior therapy and 0.3 mg/kg MPH resulted in maximal behavioral improvements, which were nearly identical to those obtained with 0.6 mg/kg MPH alone.The authors gratefully acknowledge the assistance of Patricia Donovan, Michelle Berry, Mary Ingram, Patricia Wells, Beth Gnagy, Karen Greenslade, Mary Hamilton, and the entire staff of the Western Psychiatric Institute and Clinic ADHD Summer Treatment Program.     

The effects of reversible lidocaine-induced lesion of the tissue surrounding the anterior ventral wall of the third ventricle on drinking in rats.

The local anesthetic lidocaine (XILOCAINA), 2%, was injected into the tissue surrounding the anterior region of the third cerebral ventricle (AV3V) of the rat, through a permanently implanted cannula, to produce a temporary and reversible disruption of the nervous connections of this area with other cellular nuclei while leaving the vascular connections intact. Following 24 h water deprivation, lidocaine was injected, and after 20 min water intake decreased; subsequently, the lidocaine-injected rats behaved similarly to control rats injected with artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Osmotic drinking was not affected. Prolonged adipsia or hyperdipsia did not occur. In nondeprived rats, lidocaine prevented angiotensin II-induced drinking. Following 24 h sodium depletion by peritoneal dialysis, lidocaine decreased the specific sodium appetite by 50% in animals with different levels of body sodium depletion. The data indicate that the integrity of the neural tissue of the AV3V is essential for a correct body water-salt regulation. Temporary "ablation" with lidocaine, which blocked neural activity but maintained the blood supply, produced responses different from most of those reported after electrolytic lesions. Therefore, lidocaine may be used as a tool to assess the response of this neural tissue to body fluid regulation.     

Wayfinding on foot from information in retinal, not optical, flow.

People find their way through cluttered environments with ease and without injury. How do they do it? Two approaches to wayfinding are considered: Differential motion parallax (DMP) is a retinal motion invariant of near and far objects moving against fixation; the information in optical flow (IOF) is a radial pattern of vectors, relying on decomposition of retinal flow. Evidence is presented that DMP guides wayfinding during natural gait, accounting for errors as well as correct responses. Evidence against IOF is also presented, and a space-time aliasing artifact that can contaminate IOF displays is explored. Finally, DMP and IOF are separated, showing they can yield different results in different environments. Thus, it is concluded that (a) DMP and IOF are different, (b) DMP and not IOF is used for wayfinding, (c) moving observers do not usually decompose retinal flow, and (d) optical flow may be a mathematical fiction with no psychological reality.     

Impairment of spontaneous alternation performance by an NMDA antagonist: attenuation with non-NMDA treatments.

N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists disrupt learning on a variety of tasks. Previous findings indicate that glucose, naloxone, and physostigmine ameliorate learning deficits produced by several treatments. The present experiment examines whether these agents also reverse the amnestic effects of NMDA receptor blockade. Mice were tested for spontaneous alternation performance in a Y-maze. The animals received either saline or the NMDA antagonist, NPC 12626 (35 mg/kg, IP), 50 min prior to testing and received an additional injection of saline, glucose, naloxone, or physostigmine 30 min prior to testing. NPC 12626 significantly decreased alternation scores. Glucose (250 mg/kg), physostigmine (0.01 mg/kg), and naloxone (1 mg/kg) reversed the effects of NPC 12626. Thus, impairments of learning after NMDA receptor blockade share with other amnestic conditions the susceptibility to attenuation by glucose, naloxone, and physostigmine.     

Visual evoked potentials related to behavioral asymmetries during foveal attention in the two extrapersonal Hemispaces

In a group of male and female subjects we studied the VEPs related to the solution of a lexical decision task presented in the Left and Right Hemispaces with respect to the Central position in order to explore the electrophysiological correlates of the performance asymmetries obtained when overt spatial attention is directed to the Left or Right Hemispace. When stimuli were presented in the Left Hemispace a significant asymmetry was observed between the two hemispheres of the negative activity around 280 msec in the occipital-parietal areas. Moreover a general increase in the Central and Frontal areas of both the hemispheres was observed. In this paper we discuss why these effects can be considered to be the cause of the costs on accuracy observed in the male subjects. The differences obtained with the female group are discussed in relation to the observed modification on the negative activity around 400 msec with stimuli in the Left Hemispace. These findings give some suggestions about the interaction of structural and attentional mechanisms in the brain during the solution of a lateralized cognitive task.     

Patterns of coping with cancer.

We identified five patterns of coping in a sample of 603 cancer patients: "seeking or using social support," "focusing on the positive," "distancing," "cognitive escape-avoidance," and "behavioral escape-avoidance." Relationships of these coping patterns to sociodemographic characteristics, medical factors, stress appraisals, psychotherapeutic experience, and emotional distress were tested using correlational and regression techniques. Type of cancer, time since diagnosis, and whether a person was currently in treatment had few or no relationships to coping. The specific cancer-related problem (e.g., pain, fear of future) was also not associated with how individuals coped. Perceptions of its stressfulness, however, were related to significantly more coping through social support and more of both forms of escape-avoidance. Coping through social support, focusing on the positive, and distancing was associated with less emotional distress, whereas using cognitive and behavioral escape-avoidance was associated with more emotional distress. Implications of the results for understanding coping processes and intervention with cancer patients are discussed.     

A typology of personal and environmental sexual harassment: Research and policy implications for the 1990s

Most of the research conducted on sexual harassment over the last decade and a half has used categories that are neither mutually exclusive nor exhaustive. This has created problems for researchers: it is difficult to compare results from one study to another, harassment types that have scholarly and legal-policy relevance are omitted, and the ability of researchers to inform legal and policy decisions is diminished as a result of these problems. A comprehensive categorization of harassment types that addresses these methodological problems is presented. Specifically, 11 specific types of harassment—4 types of Verbal Requests, 3 Verbal Remarks, and 4 Nonverbal Displays—are presented with examples from research and legal literatures. Recommendations for reconceptualizing research definitions of harassment as well as for diversifying the methodological approaches to the topic are made.