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381.
The phenomenon of the “falsely accused deviant” was introduced by Becker almost two decades ago (Becker, 1963) and has become a tacit anchor point for subsequent labeling theory. It has, however, received limited systematic analytic explication. This paper first samples a broad range of research findings affirming the breadth and prevalence of false accusation. A classification scheme identifying four fundamental types of false accusations (pure, intentional, legitimatized, and victim based) is then introduced and illustrated. Finally, several propositions pertaining to the societal and organizational preconditions for the occurrence of false accusation are presented and documented. The roles that (1) perceived threat, (2) subcultural heterogeneity, (3) domain protectionism, (4) stereotype adoption, and (5) diagnostic oversimplification play in the emergence of false accusation are highlighted. 相似文献
382.
383.
Laura Mirams Ellen Poliakoff Richard J. Brown Donna M. Lloyd 《Consciousness and cognition》2013,22(1):348-359
We have previously found that attention to internal somatic sensations (interoceptive attention) during a heart beat perception task increases the misperception of external touch on a somatic signal detection task (SSDT), during which healthy participants erroneously report feeling near-threshold vibrations presented to their fingertip in the absence of a stimulus. However, it has been suggested that mindful interoceptive attention should result in more accurate somatic perception, due to its non-evaluative and controlled nature. To investigate this possibility, 62 participants completed the SSDT before and after a period of brief body-scan mindfulness meditation training, or a control intervention (listening to a recorded story). The meditation intervention reduced tactile misperception and increased sensitivity during the SSDT. This finding suggests that the perceptual effects of interoceptive attention depend on its particular nature, and raises the possibility that body-scan meditation could reduce the misperception of physical symptoms in individuals with medically unexplained symptoms. 相似文献
384.
385.
Lloyd H. Silverman 《Journal of personality assessment》2013,95(3):336-344
Two studies were conducted to test the general hypothesis that the expression of aggression in fantasy to one stimulus reduces the probability of occurrence of aggression fantasy to a following stimulus. In both studies the results were contrary to the hypothesis, i.e., probability of an aggression fantasy response did not change to later stimuli. Further, intensity of aggression response increased as a function of the ordinal position of the fantasy eliciting stimulus and the fantasy of aggression pull of a given stimulus was significantly influenced by the sequence of preceding stimuli. Discrepancies between these results and those of other studies are discussed in terms of aroused versus base levels of aggression drive. 相似文献
386.
Anthony Rotatori Douglas Cullinan Michael H. Epstein John Lloyd 《The Journal of psychology》2013,147(2):135-137
The present study investigated the relationship of time and errors on the Matching Familiar Figures test to the mental age of 40 Caucasian male, educable mentally retarded (EMR) children. The children, who ranged in age from six to 18 years, had intelligence test scores of less than 80, were exhibiting problems in adaptive behavior, and were all receiving special education services. An ANOVA revealed that with increasing mental age, elapsed time to first response increased and errors decreased, thus indicating a mental age developmental decrease in impulsivity. For all subjects, time was inversely related to errors. The data suggest that the development of cognitive tempo in EMR children parallels that of nonhandicapped children. 相似文献
387.
Christina Sophia Lloyd Britt af Klinteberg Valerie DeMarinis 《Mental health, religion & culture》2015,18(4):259-272
The objective was to explore psychological and existential vulnerability among clinical young women in Sweden. Females (n?=?53) with depression as the most common preliminary diagnosis were investigated through an online questionnaire. Included measures were Karolinska Scales of Personality, Self-concept, Strategies to Handle Negative Emotions, Sense of Coherence, and questions pertaining to existential meaning-making, including religious/spiritual belief. The sample was divided into High (n?=?35) and Low/Inter (n?=?18) groups according to scores on the anxiety- and depression-related personality scale Inhibition of aggression. Using independent samples t-test, the High group showed signs of significantly higher psychological and existential vulnerability than the Low/Inter group. Salutogenic factors being (1) coming from socially and societally engaged families and (2) being in a functional existential meaning-making process. The conclusion is that vulnerabilities in the psychological and existential domains are linked, especially in individuals high on depression-like aspects of personality. However, no significant differences for religion/spirituality were found. Treatment implications were addressed. 相似文献
388.
Laramie R. Tolentino Patrick Raymund James M. Garcia Vinh Nhat Lu Simon Lloyd D. Restubog Prashant Bordia Carolin Plewa 《Journal of Vocational Behavior》2014
This study examines the psychometric properties of the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale (CAAS) and its relation to adaptivity (i.e., learning goal orientation, proactive personality, and career optimism) among Australian university students (N = 555). Results demonstrated adequate levels of test–retest reliability (r = .61 to .76) and internal consistency (α = .83 to .94) for the CAAS full scale and subscales over a 4-week interval between measurements. Confirmatory factor analysis also supported the multidimensional and hierarchical model of career adaptability resources. The factor structure generally corresponded with that obtained from other CAAS international validation, thus, expanding its cross-national measurement equivalence. In addition, correlation results supported the predicted positive association between career adaptability and adaptivity in the form of learning goal orientation, proactive personality, and career optimism. Taken together, the present findings confirm the psychometric utility of CAAS in the Australian context and substantiate the proposition that higher personal adaptive readiness relates to better career adaptability among young people. 相似文献
389.
Lloyd Strickland 《International Journal for Philosophy of Religion》2014,75(2):87-100
One of the most commonly-raised objections to the design argument is the so-called “who designed the designer?” objection, which charges that any designer invoked to explain complexity in the universe will feature complexity of its own, and thus require explanation in terms of design. There are two distinct versions of this objection in the contemporary literature, with it being couched in terms of: (1) Complexity of designer: a designer exhibits complexity, which calls for explanation in terms of design; (2) Complexity of ideas: a designer’s ideas exhibit complexity, which calls for explanation in terms of design. To each of these versions of the objection there corresponds various responses from proponents of design. These proponents adopt a very particular strategy when crafting their responses: they argue that the objection can be neutralised simply by appealing to one or more of God’s attributes. In this paper I argue that this strategy is inapt, and unable to yield a successful response to either version of the objection. I also argue that a more promising way of tackling the objections is to identify their own peculiar weaknesses, for once these are exposed the objections cease to be a credible threat to the design hypothesis. 相似文献
390.
deMause L 《The Journal of psychohistory》2011,39(1):2-15; discussion 16-7