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121.
Four subjects performed rhythmic movements of the ankle and the wrist in time with an auditory metronome, in two modes of coordination, antiphase and in-phase. The forearm was placed in either a prone or a supine position. When movements were prepared in the antiphase mode, spontaneous transitions to the in-phase mode, or to phase wandering were observed as metronome frequency was increased. When prepared in the in-phase mode, transitions between in-phase modes or to phase wandering were occasionally observed. Predicted signature features of nonequilbrium phase transitions were noted, including loss of stability and critical fluctuations. The stability of the movement patterns was determined by spatial (dependent upon the direction of movement) rather than anatomical (dependent on the coupling of specific muscle groups) constraints. The position of the forearm had no consistent bearing upon the variability of the phase relations between the limbs, the frequency of phase transitions, or the time of onset of transitions. These results are discussed with reference to the coordination dynamics (e.g., multistability, loss of stability) of multijoint movements. 相似文献
122.
The authors examine philosophical theories produced by two ancient civilizations (Eastern Mediterranean and Chinese) for applications to an applied psychology of work and conclude that they possessed recognizably “modern” elements of an effective vocational psychology. 相似文献
123.
124.
This study investigates the effect of gender on responses to questions about sex role orientations. Literature on gender effects in survey interviews, job interviews and counseling studies, and experiments leads to hypotheses that male interviewers will elicit more response effects than female interviewers, especially from females; that female respondents will show desirability effects more than males; and that respondents, especially female respondents, will disclose liberal orientations more to female than to male interviewers. Findings show that male interviewers do not elicit more response effects, especially among females, and there seem to be desirability effects operating instead of conformity effects, especially for female interviewers. Females, and low-power, highly educated males exhibit more liberal responses to female interviewers. This study demonstrates that in areas where interviewer—respondent question content is related to salient dimensions, response effects are observed and constitute potentially damaging sources of error. 相似文献
125.
Three experiments explored the effects of sexual motivation and the opportunity for sexual contact on social attraction in rats. Rats were no more gregarious in cross-sex than in same-sex pairings. Increased male sexual experience and hormonally induced female receptivity both led to increased sexual activity but had no effect on social behavior. Males housed with continuously receptive females showed signs of sexual exhaustion but were as gregarious as males housed alone or with males. It appears that social attraction in rats is not motivated primarily by sexual desires, either direct or sublimated. 相似文献
126.
Lloyd KE Garlington WK Lowry D Burgess H Euler HA Knowlton WR 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1972,5(2):151-155
Contingency management systems in university courses have sometimes assigned the role of reinforcing stimulus to lectures and demonstrations. Attending a lecture was made contingent upon having previously finished certain course assignments. The present paper investigated some variables that control student attendance at lectures. Attendance remained high throughout each course at those class meetings where quizzes contributing to course grades were given or where impending quizzes were discussed. Attendance at lectures over the reading assignments or over material unrelated to course quizzes rapidly declined. When students were given course credit for attending these lectures, or when the lectures included information for future quizzes, attendance increased. When attending these lectures was made contingent upon having completed certain assignments the prior week, no increase in assignment completion was noted and the attendance at the lectures decreased even further. All lectures were given during one class meeting each week. Attendance at the other class meetings during the week remained stable. 相似文献
127.
John Wills Lloyd David F. Bateman Timothy J. Landrum Daniel P. Hallahan 《Journal of applied behavior analysis》1989,22(3):315-323
We investigated the relative effects of self-recording of attentive behavior and self-recording of academic productivity with 5 upper elementary-aged special education students in their special education classroom. Following baseline, both self-recording treatments were introduced according to a multielement design. After the multielement phase, we assessed the pupils' performance under a choice condition, faded the overt aspects of the treatment program according to a withdrawal design, and probed maintenance over 5 weeks. Results revealed that both treatments produced clear improvements in arithmetic productivity and attention to task, neither treatment was clearly and consistently superior to the other, pupils preferred the self-recording of attention treatment, the effects were maintained for all pupils, achievement test scores improved, and pupils generally recorded accurately. 相似文献
128.
129.
A 3 by 3 orthogonal design was employed t o study the interrelations among response latency (RL), response uncertainty (ER), and transmitted information Nine groups of Ss judged the size of 5, 20, or 40 projected squares in terms of 5, 20, or 40 response categories. Patterns of change in ER and RL over the three stimulus series were differentially effected by increases in the number of available response categories. The increase from 5 to 20 response categories produced, for successively longer stimulus series, a constantly increasing change in ER; the further increase from 20 to 40 categories produced a contrasting, constantly decreasing change in ER. The same two changes in number of response categories produced the same pattern of change in RL over the 5- and 20-stimulus series but reversed the pattern for the 40-stimulus series. Correlations between ER and RL ranged from .28 to .99 and tended to maximize when number of response categories equaled the number of stimuli. It was relatively low under all conditions. Within the 5- and 20-stimulus series, increases from 5 to 20 to 40 available responses increased RL in a negatively accelerated fashion but did not increase It. Within the 40-stimulus series, the same increases in number of available responses produced an essentially linear increase in both It and RL. 相似文献
130.
Donald H. McBurney Richard A. Kasschau Lloyd M. Bogart 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1967,2(5):175-178
The jnd for 0.1 M NaCl was measured under two different adapting conditions. Following adaptation to HOH the jnd was 0.009 M and after 0.1 M adaptation it was .018 M. The implications of this change in sensitivity with differing adaptation for Beidler’s theory are discussed. 相似文献