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91.
This article describes how a biofeedback device is used to 'externalize' internal physiological states. Heart rate monitors, emitting audible signals when a specific threshold is reached, are fitted to children and members of the family. This can help all those present to make connections between problematic behaviours and internal states of emotional/physical arousal. Devices may be worn for up to twenty-four hours and computer graph printouts of fluctuating heart rates can assist in contextualizing problematic interactions, particularly if other family members are also fitted with heart rate monitors. In this way biofeedback becomes 'systemic' as people are alerted to the interconnectedness of each others' states. Participants are not only helped to identify stressors leading to heightened states of emotional arousal and resulting 'out-of-control' behaviours, but also to find ways of employing (self-)calming strategies. This article outlines the application of systemic biofeedback in school settings with children at risk of exclusion. With the help of these biofeedback devices pupils begin to manage themselves in situations which would previously have resulted in stressed, angry or violent behaviours. 相似文献
92.
The reorientation task is a paradigm that has been used extensively to study the types of information used by humans and animals to navigate in their environment. In this task, subjects are reinforced for going to a particular location in an arena that is typically rectangular in shape. The subject then has to find that location again after being disoriented, and possibly after changes have been made to the arena. This task is used to determine the geometric and featural cues that can be used to reorient the agent in the arena. The purpose of the present paper is to present several simulation results that show that a simple neural network, a perceptron, can be used to generate many of the traditional findings that have been obtained using the reorientation task. These results suggest that reorientation task regularities can be explained without appealing to a geometric module that is a component of spatial processing. 相似文献
93.
Yu Gao Adrian Raine Peter H. Venables Michael E. Dawson Sarnoff A. Mednick 《Developmental science》2010,13(1):201-212
Although fear conditioning is an important psychological construct implicated in behavioral and emotional problems, little is known about how it develops in early childhood. Using a differential, partial reinforcement conditioning paradigm, this longitudinal study assessed skin conductance conditioned responses in 200 children at ages 3, 4, 5, 6, and 8 years. Results demonstrated that in both boys and girls: (1) fear conditioning increased across age, particularly from ages 5 to 6 years, (2) the three components of skin conductance fear conditioning that reflect different degrees of automatic and controlled cognitive processes exhibited different developmental profiles, and (3) individual differences in arousal, orienting, and the unconditioned response were associated with individual differences in conditioning, with the influence of orienting increasing at later ages. This first longitudinal study of the development of skin conductance fear conditioning in children both demonstrates that children as young as age 3 years evidence fear conditioning in a difficult acquisition paradigm, and that different sub-components of skin conductance conditioning have different developmental trajectories. 相似文献
94.
Cosand LD Cavanagh TM Brown AA Courtney CG Rissling AJ Schell AM Dawson ME 《Consciousness and cognition》2008,17(4):1105-1113
There are wide individual differences in the ability to detect a stimulus contingency embedded in a complex paradigm. The present study used a cognitive masking paradigm to better understand individual differences related to contingency learning. Participants were assessed on measures of electrodermal arousal and on working memory capacity before engaging in the contingency learning task. Contingency awareness was assessed both by trial-by-trial verbal reports obtained during the task and by a short post-task recognition questionnaire. Participants who became aware had fewer non-specific skin conductance responses and tended to score higher on a digit span assessment. Skin conductance level was not significantly lower in the aware group than in the unaware group. These findings are consistent with studies showing that lower arousal and greater cognitive processing capacity facilitate conscious perception of a greater breadth of information within a scene or a task. 相似文献
95.
Jillian Dorrian Nicole Lamond Karolina Kozuchowski Drew Dawson 《Behavior research methods》2008,40(4):1016-1025
Vigilance technologies are used in the Australian rail industry to address the risks associated with driver sleepiness and
fatigue. The aim of this study was to investigate whether a new device, designed to detect lowered states of arousal using
electrodermal activity (EDA), would be sensitive to experimentally induced sleepiness and fatigue. Fifteen individuals (7
of them female, 9 male; 18–32 years of age) spent 3 consecutive days in the laboratory, which included 1 night of sustained
wakefulness (28 h). The participants completed a 10-min psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) and fatigue and sleepiness ratings
every 2 h, and a 30-min driving simulator every 4 h. As was expected, simulated driving, PVT, and subjective ratings indicated
increasing levels of sleepiness and fatigue during sustained wakefulness. The EDA device output did not coincide with these
findings. The results indicated that the EDA indicator was not sensitive to increased sleepiness and fatigue at the levels
produced in the present study. 相似文献
96.
Conceptualizing eating disorders (EDs) as forming a coping mechanism against facing psychic pain, in this study, we examined the contribution of weight stabilization and ED behaviors to psychological outcomes of affective distress, defensiveness, and contact with inner/external reality among 2 subgroups of adolescent inpatients with (a) "restricting type" anorexia (AN-R) and (b) bingeing/purging type EDs (B/P). We administered Rorschach Comprehensive System (CS; Exner, 2003) and self-report measures at acute admission and on discharge. Data indicated that in both subgroups, stabilization of weight and disordered eating behaviors was accompanied by reduced explicit (self-reported) affective distress, yet by elevated implicit affective distress (D, SumShd). Subgroups' different Rorschach change trends indicated different dynamic processes in defensive style and contact with inner/external reality. 相似文献
97.
Forgiveness and mental health variables: Interpreting the relationship using an adaptational-continuum model of personality and coping 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The present paper uses an adaptational-continuum model of personality, based on Ferguson’s (2001) health psychology model integrating Eysenck personality factors and coping style, to provide a context for examining the relationship between forgiveness and mental health. Three hundred and twenty respondents completed measures of personality, coping style, forgiveness (forgiveness of self, others, likelihood, presence of positive forgiveness, absence of negative forgiveness), general health, stress, positive and negative affect and life satisfaction. Among respondents, all measures of forgiveness, bar one, load negatively on a neuroticism-coping factor. The remaining measure of forgiveness (presence of positive forgiveness) loaded on an extraversion-coping factor. The relationship of the neuroticism-coping-forgiveness factor was associated with poorer mental health, suggesting forgiveness is associated with better mental health within the context of this personality-coping factor. Significant positive relationships were found between the extraversion-coping-forgiveness factor and two measures of positive mental health outcomes (positive affect and life satisfaction) suggesting forgiveness is associated with some aspects of mental health within the context of this personality-coping factor. The present findings suggest that forgiveness, or failure to forgive, can be conceptualised within an adaptational-continuum model of personality. 相似文献
98.
Michael H. Fisher Gregory C. Kozlowski Kurtis R. Schaeffer Francis X. Clooney SJ Carl Olson Martha Ann Selby Thomas Forsthoefel Lise F. Vail Rebecca J. Manring Narasingha P. Sil Brian K. Pennington Ashley James Dawson Sarah Hodges Thomas Forsthoefel 《International Journal of Hindu Studies》2002,6(2):199-220
99.
Sandra T. Sigmon Anna G. Cassel Rachel F. S. Dawson Janell G. Schartel Lindsay R. Owings Geoffrey L. Thorpe 《Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy》2009,27(3):176-187
The impact of the changing seasons on mood and behavior (i.e., seasonality) has long been of interest to researchers. Recently,
researchers have begun to look beyond biological explanations to investigate psychological variables that may play a role
in the development of seasonal affective disorder (SAD) and subsyndromal (S-SAD) levels of seasonality. Rumination, in particular,
has received initial support as a process that predicts more severe levels of winter depression. In the first study, we assessed
the effects of rumination, current weather conditions, current level of depression, and attitudes toward weather conditions
as predictors of seasonality. In addition to weather conditions, weather attitudes, and current depression, rumination emerged
as a significant predictor of seasonality in females but not for males. In the second study, we followed individuals categorized
as being high (S-SAD) and low in seasonality over time and assessed for depression at Time 1 and Time 2. Rumination, in addition
to current weather conditions and weather attitudes, emerged as a significant predictor of depression for females in the S-SAD
group. The results of these studies provide support for the role of rumination in seasonal depression, particularly for females.
This type of research may contribute to attempts to better explain gender differences in seasonal depression. 相似文献
100.
N. Pretorius J. Beecham H. Dawson I. Eisler S. Gowers E. Johnson-Sabine C. Newell L. Richards L. Rowlands J. Treasure C. Williams M. Yoshioka 《Behaviour research and therapy》2009,47(9):729-736