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951.
E. W. Jones M. Hoerger J. C. Hughes B. M. Williams B. Jones Y. Moseley D. R. Hughes D. Prys 《Journal of Behavioral Education》2011,20(4):297-305
Gwynedd Local Education Authority (LEA) in North West Wales, UK, is funding a small-scale autism-specific specialist education
service using ABA methodology. The program is available through the medium of Welsh, English or bilingually, depending on
the individual needs of the child (Jones and Hoerger in Eur J Behav Anal 10:249–253, 2009). Delivering an ABA curriculum within a Welsh context raises issues regarding how ABA interventions work in a non-Anglo-American
cultural and linguistic context. We describe one part of the program, as well as the mechanics of translation and interpretation:
How ABA fits conceptually in a different language, how Skinner’s original ideas about developing a scientific terminology
to describe behavior can be applied to a different cultural and linguistic tradition, and cultural variation in reinforcement
practices. 相似文献
952.
Jones DA 《Kennedy Institute of Ethics journal》2011,21(4):379-404
John Keown has constructed a logical slippery slope argument from voluntary euthanasia (VAE) to nonvoluntary euthanasia (NVAE). VAE if justified implies that death can be of overall benefit, in which case it should also be facilitated in those who cannot consent (NVAE). Hallvard Lillehammer asserts that Keown's argument rests on a fallacy. However, pace Lillehammer, it can be restated to escape this fallacy. Its validity is confirmed by applying to VAE some well-established general principles of medical decision making. Thus, either VAE and NVAE must be accepted together or, if NVAE is regarded as unacceptable, VAE should also be rejected. 相似文献
953.
Carlye Kincaid Deborah J. Jones Jessica Cuellar Michelle Gonzalez 《Journal of child and family studies》2011,20(1):102-110
A distinction between parental behavioral control and psychological control has been elucidated in the literature, yet far
less is known about the role of psychological control in youth adjustment broadly or risky behavior in particular. We examined
the interrelationship of maternal psychological control, youth psychosocial adjustment, and youth risk behaviors among African
American single mother-youth (11–16-year old) dyads (n = 194), families in which youth are more vulnerable to adjustment problems and risky behavior than Caucasian youth or youth
from intact homes. Higher levels of maternal psychological control were associated with increased youth psychosocial adjustment
problems as well as increased youth risk behavior, after statistically controlling for one domain of behavioral control, parental
knowledge about a child’s whereabouts and activities. Furthermore, youth externalizing problems mediated the relation between
psychological control and risk behavior. The findings suggest that parenting programs targeting risk behavior among African
American youth may benefit from including psychological control among the parenting dimensions that are targeted. 相似文献
954.
This investigation illustrates men’s and women’s change in femininity, and individual differences in change in femininity
from early (age 33 or 35) to late (age 78 or 85) adulthood. Members of three long-term longitudinal samples (total N = 327) provided California Psychological Inventory (CPI) Femininity scale scores, collected a maximum of five times. Application
of longitudinal hierarchical linear modeling indicates: (1) both men and women show significant variability in initial level
and change in femininity, (2) gender predicts both individuals’ initial level and change in femininity—the average man, initially
low in femininity, becomes significantly higher in femininity across the lifespan; the average woman, initially high in femininity,
becomes significantly lower in femininity across the lifespan, (3) change in femininity is unconnected to marital or parental
status, and (4) change in femininity is connected to psychological health level for women only—more psychologically healthy
women show a decline in femininity, while less healthy women increase their femininity level. Overall, results support Jung’s
androgyny hypothesis of a cross-over of gender roles in men and women, but do not support Gutmann’s hypothesis that such cross-over
is tied to “parental emergency.” Additional exploration of the data indicates Gough and Bradley’s (1996) CPI-derived personality types also predict femininity initial level for women and femininity change for men. 相似文献
955.
We explored the claim that structural priming is a case of implicit learning within the language production system. The experiment
began with a baseline phase, in which we assessed participants’ rates of production for double object and prepositional object
constructions. Then participants were biased toward the production of either the double object or prepositional object construction.
Finally, we again assessed participants’ rates of production for the target constructions. Consistent with claims that structural
priming is a case of implicit learning, we found that biasing participants toward the prepositional object construction produced
stronger cumulative priming effects than did biasing participants toward the double object construction. We also found that
individual differences in implicit learning were marginally correlated with overall rates of production for the double object
construction. Participants who scored better on the learning task tended to produce fewer double object constructions. 相似文献
956.
Adults can improve their performance on many perceptual tasks with training, but when does the response to training become mature? To investigate this question, we trained 11‐year‐olds, 14‐year‐olds and adults on a basic auditory task (temporal‐interval discrimination) using a multiple‐session training regimen known to be effective for adults. The adolescents all began with performance in the adult range. However, while all of the adults improved across sessions, none of the 11‐year‐olds and only half of the 14‐year‐olds did. The adolescents who failed to learn did so even though the 10‐session training regimen provided twice the number of sessions required by adults to reach asymptotic performance. Further, over the course of each session, the performance of the adults was stable but that of the adolescents, including those who learned, deteriorated. These results demonstrate that the processes that underlie perceptual learning can continue to develop well into adolescence. 相似文献
957.
Zhang Y Koerner T Miller S Grice-Patil Z Svec A Akbari D Tusler L Carney E 《Developmental science》2011,14(3):566-581
Speech scientists have long proposed that formant exaggeration in infant-directed speech plays an important role in language acquisition. This event-related potential (ERP) study investigated neural coding of formant-exaggerated speech in 6-12-month-old infants. Two synthetic /i/ vowels were presented in alternating blocks to test the effects of formant exaggeration. ERP waveform analysis showed significantly enhanced N250 for formant exaggeration, which was more prominent in the right hemisphere than the left. Time-frequency analysis indicated increased neural synchronization for processing formant-exaggerated speech in the delta band at frontal-central-parietal electrode sites as well as in the theta band at frontal-central sites. Minimum norm estimates further revealed a bilateral temporal-parietal-frontal neural network in the infant brain sensitive to formant exaggeration. Collectively, these results provide the first evidence that formant expansion in infant-directed speech enhances neural activities for phonetic encoding and language learning. 相似文献
958.
Coaster M Rogers BP Jones OD Viscusi WK Merkle KL Zald DH Gore JC 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2011,11(4):494-507
Many human activities involve a risk of physical harm. However, not much is known about the specific brain regions involved
in decision making regarding these risks. To explore the neural correlates of risk perception for physical harms, 19 participants
took part in an event-related fMRI study while rating risky activities. The scenarios varied in level of potential harm (e.g.,
paralysis vs. stubbed toe), likelihood of injury (e.g., 1 chance in 100 vs. 1 chance in 1,000), and format (frequency vs.
probability). Networks of brain regions were responsive to different aspects of risk information. Cortical language- processing
areas, the middle temporal gyrus, and a region around the bed nucleus of stria terminalis responded more strongly to high-
harm conditions. Prefrontal areas, along with subcortical ventral striatum, responded preferentially to high- likelihood conditions.
Participants rated identical risks to be greater when information was presented in frequency format rather than probability
format. These findings indicate that risk assessments for physical harm engage a broad network of brain regions that are sensitive
to the severity of harm, the likelihood of risk, and the framing of risk information. 相似文献
959.
Interpreting spatial language in image captions 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The map as a tool for accessing data has become very popular in recent years, but a lot of data do not have the necessary
spatial meta-data to allow for that. Some data such as photographs however have spatial information in their captions and
if this could be extracted, then they could be made available via map-based interfaces. Towards this goal, we introduce a
model and spatio-linguistic reasoner for interpreting the spatial information in image captions that is based upon quantitative
data about spatial language use acquired directly from people. Spatial language is inherently vague, and both the model and
reasoner have been designed to incorporate this vagueness at the quantitative level and not only qualitatively. 相似文献
960.
Adults vary their haptic exploratory behavior reliably with variation both in the sensory input and in the task goals. Little is known about the development of these connections between perceptual goals and exploratory behaviors. A total of 36 children ages 3, 4, and 5 years and 20 adults completed a haptic intramodal match-to-sample task. Participants were instructed to feel the shape, texture, rigidity, or weight of a sample object and then were asked to find which of three test objects matched the sample on that specific property. Hand movements were examined to determine whether children produced the same exploratory procedures while gathering perceptual information about each property as adults who searched for the same kind of information. Children demonstrated that they had good haptic abilities in two ways: They matched the sample objects on the specified perceptual dimension at near ceiling levels, and they produced the same hand movement patterns to find the same properties as adults. 相似文献