Choice-Process Satisfaction: The Influence of Attribute Alignability and Option Limitation

This research investigates how choice-process satisfaction is influenced by limitation of choice option and by the types of features used to represent the options. Studies of choice satisfaction have focused on how satisfied the decision maker feels about the choice that has been made and have overlooked the importance of the process through which the decision maker makes a choice, i.e., choice-process satisfaction. We show that the comparability of choice options through alignable features increases choice-process satisfaction, whereas option limitation (i.e., making one option unavailable from a set of equally attractive options) decreases choice-process satisfaction. Further, this decrease in satisfaction, relative to all options being available, occurs for people who are given a set of options in which the difference features are alignable (i.e., differences of a corresponding dimension) but not for people who are given a set of options in which the difference features are nonalignable (i.e., differences of unique dimensions). We propose that alignable differences are easier to compare and have more weight in people's attribute processing, and thus give rise to a perception of a greater amount of information about the option set that is relevant for choice. Making an option unavailable in this case would have a bigger impact than in a situation in which all options have nonalignable differences. Nonalignable differences are difficult to process and are less likely to make people aware that there is very much information about the options for decision making. This explanation and the interaction effect between option limitation and feature alignability are tested in four experiments.     

Ein Situierter Künstlicher Kommunikator für Konstruktionsaufgaben

A Situated Artificial Communicator for Assembly Tasks Summary. In this article we describe a Situated Artificial Communicator for assembly tasks. The main components of the system we are developing are a speech understanding module and a two-arm-robot module. The robot system can be instructed using spontaneous speech. The speech understanding module is based on Combinatory Categorial Grammar, which makes incremental and interactive speech understanding possible. The robot module is provided with multiple sensors and it masters complex assembly operations like peg-in-hole or screwing a nut into a bolt. The architecture and the underlying cognitive principles enable interactive processing that depends on the actual situation and allows the system to take advantage of redundant items of information. Due to these principles our Situated Artificial Communicator is highly robust. Zusammenfassung. In diesem Beitrag stellen wir einen Situierten Künstlichen Kommunikator vor, im vorliegenden Fall ein Robotersystem für Konstruktionsaufgaben. Das Robotersystem kann durch spontansprachliche Anweisungen gesteuert werden. Die Hauptkomponenten des Systems sind eine Sprachverstehenskomponente und eine Zwei-Arm-Roboterkomponente. Die Sprachverstehenskomponente basiert auf der Combinatory Categorial Grammar und ermöglicht eine inkrementelle und interaktive Sprachverarbeitung. Die Roboterkomponente verfügt über eine Vielzahl von Sensoren und beherrscht Montageoperationen wie Stecken und Schrauben. Durch die gewählte Architektur und die zugrundegelegten kognitiven Verarbeitungsprinzipien können Teilkomponenten des Systems der aktuellen Situation entsprechend interagieren und Informationsredundanz nutzen. Das System erhält dadurch eine hohe Robustheit.     

状态医学——中医学的现代概念

为人体机能状态定义,以中医同病异治,异病同治,说明中医学的本质是状态医学。人体机能状态正常与否的第一个感受者是自我,因此,症状是诊断状态的第一要素,体征是客观依据。由于人体机能状态并非各器官机能的简单加减,因此,现代医学的理化指标在诊断状态时,只供参考。状态医学的模式实质上就是现代中医学,其诊断依据、状态的评价与西医截然不同。在引入现代病因病理学说的基础上,状态医学是一个新的临床诊疗体系,其药学体系有如镜面,反映状态医学的各种特征。     

Ethnic characteristics of mental disorders in five U.S. communities

The study examined the ethnic ratio of 16 DSM-III mental disorders among White, Black, Hispanic, and Asian Americans. A total of 18,126 residents from 5 sites and 2,939 residents from the Epidemiological Catchment Area's Los Angeles site were studied separately. Logistic regression analysis was performed. Results showed that Blacks were significantly less likely than Whites to have major depressive episode, major depression, dysthymia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, drug and alcohol abuse or dependence, antisocial personality, and anorexia nervosa, but they were significantly more likely than Whites to have phobia and somatization. Lifetime prevalence rates of schizophrenia, obsessive-compulsive disorder, panic, and drug abuse or dependence were significantly lower among Hispanics than among Whites. Asians also had significantly lower rates than Whites of schizophreniform, manic episode, bipolar disorder, panic, somatization, drug and alcohol abuse or dependence, and antisocial personality. Compared with the overall findings, ethnic differences at the Los Angeles site were lessened between Blacks and Whites, enhanced between Hispanics and Whites, and basically unchanged between Asians and Whites.     

儿童社会观点采择的发展及其子类型间的差异的研究

对幼儿园大班至小学阶段的４２５名儿童施以认知和情感两类观点采择测验,考察儿童社会观点采择发展的一般趋势以及两类观点采择的发展趋势及水平上的差异。结果发现：６岁左右儿童在准确推断他人观点方面还存在较大困难。６—１０岁左右是儿童社会观点采择能力快速发展的时期。１０岁左右儿童已能根据环境信息较准确推断他人的观点：儿童认知观点采择与情感观点采择能力的发展趋势基本一致,但后者的发展水平极显著地落后于前者。     

视空间定位的短时记忆的超广度研究

采用视空间定位的短时记忆任务研究记忆负载的增加对空间位置信息和时间顺序信息的记忆成绩的影响。结果表明,在记忆负载较低时,位置记忆和顺序记忆的成绩相同;当记忆负载逐渐增大时,位置记忆的成绩逐渐上升,而顺序记忆的成绩先上升后下降,两者出现显著性的差异。在这个过程中,短时记忆的加工发生相应的变化,体现了短时记忆加工资源的有限性。     

老年人特殊生活事件的应对意向与情境性应对

该研究旨在对老年人合法权益受侵此类特殊生活事件的应对意向（ＣＩ）和情境性应对（ＳＣ）进行比较分析,多元因素分析结果鉴别出应对意向的五种方式及其三种基本类型,以及六种情境性应对方式和四种应对类型。研究也发现今老年人采用不同方式的ＣＩ和ＳＣ的旨弱程度存在的异同点。同时,多元回归分析结果表明,年龄、文化程度、经济状况和法规了解程度是影响ＣＩ和ＳＣ的显著因素,此外健康状况和性别也分别对ＣＩ和ＳＣ产生影响。     

感知负载对干扰效应和负启动效应的影响

保持刺激图形恒定,用改变任务难度的方法操纵负载的高低,研究了负载的变化对干扰效应及负启动效应的影响。实验结果显示在零负载时出现干扰效应,而高、低负载时干扰效应消失;同时在低、零负载时出现负启动效应,在高负载时负启动反转为正启动。这些结果说明负载的变化对干扰子的状态有明显的作用,但正启动效应的出现显示高负载并不能完全排除对干扰子的加工。     

中文人格特质词的基本维度研究:大学生自我评定的因素分析

根据王登峰等人收集的中文人格词表,本研究用定距抽取的方式构造了一个包含２４４个人格特质词的自我评定检核表。６０１名中国大学生参加了自我评定。因素分析结果表明,七因素模式能较好地体现中文人格特质词的基本维度。中国大学生自我描述维度由七个因素钩：（１）负价一：虚伪浮夸,（２）正价：严谨负责,（３）负价二：浅薄无能,（４）内向负情绪：多悉善感。（５）外同正情绪：热情可爱,（６）外向负情绪：暴躁易怒,（７     

基于相容性的汉字和弦编码的设计及实验研究

本研究提出了一种汉字和弦键盘的编码方案（心工码）,比较了在三种编码规则下对汉字和弦键盘编码方法的学习和操作。实验发现利用汉字笔形与和弦组合的空间表象相容性的编码方法,在学习的速度、反应的正确性和反应时上,都优于随机编码方法。结果表明：基于表象相容性的汉字笔形和弦键盘将是汉字输入的又一个有效途径。