青少年心理健康与心理素质培养的整合研究

青少年心理健康与心理素质培养的整合研究是重庆市人文社会科学重点研究基地西南大学心理健康教育研究中心十多年来确立的研究主题。围绕该主题我们不仅从理论到实证进行了较为系统的探讨,取得了一批有本土特色的研究成果,受到国内外学术界关注,而且重视把研究成果及时转化运用于教育实践,开发了系统测量工具,编写了系列教材,开展了青少年心理素质教育的实验探索,推动了学校心理健康教育积极有效的开展。文章主要从青少年心理健康与心理素质培养整合研究的理论依据、方法论思考、研究主题等方面,概括总结心理健康与心理素质培养整合研究的概况,以期进一步促进该领域的深化研究。     

不同模糊程度下的模糊决策的ERP研究

选取"二择一的选择任务",以风险决策任务为基线,对不同概率区间所代表的三种不同模糊程度(0-100%、20-80%、40-60%)下的模糊决策进行了神经机制上的探究,结果发现:(1)三种不同模糊程度下的模糊决策在脑电上不存在差异;(2)与三种不同模糊程度相对应出现的三种相同风险程度的风险决策,在脑电上的激活有所不同;(3)三种模糊程度下的模糊决策与相对应出现的三种相同风险程度的风险决策,只有在40～60%和50～50%的条件下,脑电上是存在差异的。这些结果表明:被试在做决策时所依赖的参照点是相对的而不是绝对的;在40～60%和50～50%条件下,被试的决策过程有冲突的,是最困难的。     

佛教"疑伪经"与弥勒信仰--以佛教经录为中心的考察

"疑伪经"是中国佛教经典中所特有的一类经典,它们尽管受到种种鄙视和排斥而难以流传,但是,从佛经目录中可以看出这类经典在特定时期仍然大量存在和流行,有些甚至保存至今.其中,有一部分关于弥勒信仰的疑伪经,是反映弥勒信仰在中国特定历史时期发展的重要资料,从中可以看出弥勒信仰在当时社会中的流传情况.     

念佛、净土观念与早期禅宗弥勒信仰

弥勒信仰乃最早传入中土的净土信仰。本文从净土观念、弥勒信仰与念佛法门之间的关系出发,考查了早期禅宗与弥勒信仰的关系。文章认为,新兴的禅宗最初是以念佛三昧为出发点,称念弥勒乃其化人方便之一;禅宗之传衣说,实源自释迦通过迦叶而转授弥勒以僧伽梨之记载;无论从文献还是出土文物而观,净众保唐禅派皆崇奉弥勒。     

Tobacco use and health in young adulthood

In this prospective longitudinal study, the authors investigated the association between lifetime tobacco use and subsequent health problems by age 30. The authors interviewed a community group of 749 participants from upstate New York at mean ages of 14, 16, 22, and 27 years. Daily tobacco use during any of the time periods, as well as the number of periods of daily tobacco use, were significantly associated with increased risk for respiratory ailments, neurobehavioral and cognitive problems, and general malaise. The results suggested that daily tobacco use, either during childhood, adolescence, the early 20s, or a combination of those times, predicted health problems by age 30. Effective smoking prevention programs that begin in childhood are imperative to prevent the occurrence of later health problems.     

Distinction bias: misprediction and mischoice due to joint evaluation

This research identifies a new source of failure to make accurate affective predictions or to make experientially optimal choices. When people make predictions or choices, they are often in the joint evaluation (JE) mode; when people actually experience an event, they are often in the single evaluation (SE) mode. The "utility function" of an attribute can vary systematically between SE and JE. When people in JE make predictions or choices for events to be experienced in SE, they often resort to their JE preferences rather than their SE preferences and overpredict the difference that different values of an attribute (e.g., different salaries) will make to their happiness in SE. This overprediction is referred to as the distinction bias. The present research also specifies when the distinction bias occurs and when it does not. This research contributes to literatures on experienced utility, affective forecasting, and happiness.     

早期基督徒与素食

本文分析了<圣经>记载的上帝最初为人类安排的食物和洪水之后的食物,犹太教数位先知的言行,早期著名基督徒保罗、德尔图良、克莱门等人的教诲,参考了当代圣经学者的研究结论以及犹太教艾塞尼派经典的引证、分析,从而得出结论:早期的基督徒都是素食者.     

Nicotinic cholinergic synaptic mechanisms in the ventral tegmental area contribute to nicotine addiction

Tobacco use is a major health problem that is estimated to cause 4 million deaths a year worldwide. Nicotine is the main addictive component of tobacco. It acts as an agonist to activate and desensitize nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). A component of nicotine's addictive power is attributable to actions on the mesolimbic dopaminergic system, which serves a fundamental role in the acquisition of behaviors that are inappropriately reinforced by addictive drugs. Here we show that nicotine, in the same concentration and time ranges as obtained from tobacco, has three main actions that regulate the activity of midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons. Nicotine first activates and then desensitizes nAChRs on the DA neurons. This process directly excites the DA neurons for a short period of time before the nAChRs desensitize. Nicotine also enhances glutamatergic excitation and decreases GABAergic inhibition onto DA neurons. These events increase the probability for synaptic plasticity, such as long-term potentiation. The short-lived direct excitation of the DA neurons coupled with the enhanced glutamatergic afferent activity provides the presynaptic and postsynaptic coincidence necessary to initiate synaptic potentiation. In total, these synaptic events lead to a relatively long-lasting heightened activity of midbrain DA neurons. Consistent with other summarized studies, this work indicates that the synaptic changes normally associated with learning and memory can be influenced and commandeered during the nicotine addiction process.     

汉语转折复句的命题表征项目互换效应研究

采用句子一图画验证任务(sentence-picture verification task)探讨了汉语转折复句的命题表征项目互换效应。结果表明,汉语倒装转折复句的项目表达顺序为“(但是)B→虽然A”,命题表征中项目存在着互换的倾向,所形成的命题表征为“虽然A→但是B”。本研究结果初步表明,读者理解汉语转折复句可能是一个按照“虽然A(事实让步)→但是B(转折)”固定方向进行系列认知加工的过程。     

Preserved spatial memory over brief intervals in older adults

Two studies compared young and older adults' memory for location information after brief intervals. Experiment 1 found that accuracy of intentional spatial memory for individual locations was similar in young and older participants for set sizes of 3 and 6. Both groups also encoded individual locations in relation to the larger configuration of locations. Experiment 2 showed that like young adults, older adults' latency to respond to a test probe in a letter working memory task was negatively influenced by spatial information that was irrelevant to the task. This interference effect indicated preserved incidental memory for spatial information in older adults. Together, these data suggest that initial encoding of spatial information for relatively small numbers of items is largely preserved in healthy older adults and that representations of spatial information persist over short intervals.