"温州模式"中的礼仪经济

中国学者和研究中国问题的国际学者一直在讨论经济发展的"温州模式".大多数讨论着眼于温州人的创业精神、家庭工业、专业化商品市场、农村小城镇的发展和传统的私人银行信贷系统.但很少人注意温州经济奇迹的一个显要特点:即"仪式经济"的复兴与扩张包括神灵崇拜、修建庙宇、生命周期家庭仪式、传统农历节日、社区宗教游行活动、佛教道教仪式、基督教教会、祖先祭奠、由宗教激发的为社区项目和慈善事业筹款活动、占卜和风水.受过高等教育的精英阶层和政府官员一向认为所有这些仪式花费都是"封建迷信","毫无用处","浪费".但是,这些仪式花费在抗衡温州经济造成的个人财富积累,促进财富再分配和社区建设上起到了至关重要的作用.而且,温州的仪式经济体现了乔治·巴塔耶所谓的追求"自主存在"的自由和权利,也就是通过直接接近神圣的世界,来超越人世的羁绊.     

The Concept of Situations

The concept of situations has a long past, but the conceptualization of situations only has a short history. This article provides a survey of the concept of situations. Based upon Milgram’s [Human Relations 18 (1965), 57] vision toward ‘a compelling theory of situations,’ the authors examine the concept of situations in three specific literatures: definitions of situations, taxonomies of situations, and interrelationships among persons, situations, and behaviors. To further integrate the literature, the authors propose that the essence of a situation is its affordance of human goals, and that situations are largely characterized by two specific principles of goal processes (what happened, is happening, or might happen to people’s goals) and goal contents (the specific goals afforded in the situation).     

工作记忆中有意抑制能力的发展研究

使用Reed设计的有意遗忘研究范式,以194名小学二、三、四、五年级学生和大学生为被试,考察不同年龄阶段被试工作记忆中有意抑制能力的差异,探索抑制机制随年龄增长的发展趋势及儿童工作记忆中有意抑制能力发展的敏感期。结果表明：1）大学生被试和儿童被试之间的有意抑制能力存在显著性差异;2）随年龄的增长,工作记忆中有意抑制能力呈递增趋势;3）儿童的有意抑制能力发展在三年级,9、10岁可能存在一个敏感期。     

前瞻记忆的干扰效应：多重加工的证据

通过2个实验,对背景任务时间充裕和紧迫两种情况下的具体事件意向、类别事件意向、时间点意向、时间段意向四种前瞻记忆任务对背景任务的干扰效应进行考察。结果表明,在背景任务时间充裕情况下,类别事件意向对背景任务有干扰效应,具体事件意向、时间段意向和时间点意向都没有前瞻干扰效应;在背景任务时间紧迫情况下,时间点意向产生了干扰效应,具体事件意向、类别事件意向、时间段意向均无干扰效应。结果支持前瞻记忆的实现依赖多重加工的观点,时间性前瞻记忆并不一定比事件性前瞻记忆产生更大的干扰。     

反馈与情绪关系中自我调节的作用

通过考察99名中学生反馈后情绪体验、生理变化和完成假词情绪判断任务的情况,探索了反馈与情绪的关系及自我调节在其间的作用.结果表明:1)高自我调节学生在消极反馈后、低自我调节学生在积极反馈后情绪体验显著,反之不显著;2)反馈可诱发显著的情绪生理变化,高自我调节学生呼吸率和心率始终低于低自我调节学生;3)高自我调节学生反馈后假词情绪判断时间短于无反馈情况,而低自我调节学生二者判断时间差异不显著.     

不同医疗体制下医患信任关系之比较:中国与新西兰

通过选择实行福利社会制度和全民免费医疗的新西兰作为参照,在介绍和比较中国与新西兰各自医疗体制状况的背景下,分析中国与新西兰的医患信任状况.通过比较发现.两国在制度层面上患者均对医疗体制的信心不足;但在个体层面上.新西兰的医患信任程度要远高于中国,医疗投诉和纠纷相对较少.     

再认研究的ROC理论模型

接受者操作特性曲线（ROC）分析已被广泛运用于再认记忆研究中。文章述及ROC解释记忆结果的三种理论模型,并结合基于项目识别、关联识别、排除任务以及“记得／知道”程序等范式的相关研究文献对此三种模型进行了评价。文献分析表明,相对于阈限模型和信号检测模型,结合信号检测加工和回忆阈限加工的综合模型能更好地拟合研究结果,并佐证再认可能是包含功能相互独立的双结构心理过程。     

Is a pre-change object representation weakened under correct detection of a change?

We investigated whether a pre-change representation is inhibited or weakened under correct change detection. Two arrays of six objects were rapidly presented for change detection in three experiments. After detection, the perceptual identification of degraded stimuli was tested in Experiments 1 and 2. The weakening of a pre-change representation was not observed under correct detection. The repetition priming effect was observed for a pre-change object and the magnitude was equivalent to the effect for a post-change object. Under change blindness, repetition priming for a pre-change representation was observed when detection did not require report of location in Experiment 1 and was not observed when location was required to be reported in Experiment 2. The results of Experiment 3 showed that a pre-change representation was recognized at a higher rate under correct detection than under change blindness, reflecting a stronger rather than a weaker pre-change representation in the former context.     

Ramsey and Joyce on deliberation and prediction

Synthese - Can an agent deliberating about an action A hold a meaningful credence that she will do A? ‘No’, say some authors, for ‘deliberation crowds out prediction’...     

When Sadness Comes Alive,Will It Be Less Painful? The Effects of Anthropomorphic Thinking on Sadness Regulation and Consumption

Prior consumer research has studied the impact of anthropomorphism on product perception and evaluation. This research explores how anthropomorphic thinking influences people's experience of emotions and subsequent consumption behavior. Based on research on emotion regulation and the psychological process of detachment, we show that individuals instructed to anthropomorphize sadness (i.e., think of sadness as a person) report less experienced sadness afterward (Studies 1 and 2A). The same result is observed for its opposite, happiness, such that anthropomorphic thinking dilutes happiness (Study 2B). We argue that this reduction of emotion occurs because anthropomorphic thinking increases the perceived distance between the self and the anthropomorphized emotion, thereby creating a feeling of detachment. Evidence for a detachment process is found via measurement (Studies 3 and 4) and a theory‐guided moderation, with the effect lessening when sadness is seen as a dependent (vs. independent) person (Study 3). These findings have implications for consumer behavior. When sadness is ameliorated by anthropomorphic thinking, people tend to display better self‐control in subsequent consumption, as manifested by a greater likelihood of choosing a healthier or more practical product (Studies 4 and 5).