Social Dominance Orientation, Hierarchy Attenuators and Hierarchy Enhancers: Social Dominance Theory and the Criminal Justice System

This study investigated differences in social dominance orientation between incumbents of different social roles (police officers vs. public defenders) and ethnic groups known to differ in general social status (i.e., whites vs. blacks and Hispanics). Consistent with theoretical expectations: (a) Police were significantly more social-dominance oriented than either jurors or public defenders. (b) Public defenders tended to be less social-dominance oriented than jurors. (c) Euro-Americans were significantly more social dominance oriented than Afro- and Hispanic-Americans, (d) Euro-American police officers had, by far, the highest levels of social dominance orientation. Furthermore, all of the effects above held even when controlling for demographic factors such as gender, social class, age, education, and ethnic group. The theoretical implications of these findings are discussed.     

护士职业的人格特质研究

采用Ｙ－Ｇ性格测验问卷,对临床护士和在读护生共３９０人,进行了心理测评,展开了护士职业的人格特质研究。研究结果表明：优秀护士群体的性格类型和某些人格特质显著地优于一般护士群体;优秀护士与一般护士间所显现出显著差异的人格特质,对于护士角色人格的构成具有决定性影响;Ｙ－Ｇ性格测验的Ａ型性格类型评定对于护士职业的心理选拔显现特异性趋势;整个测评研究结果,基本支持＂护士个体人格特质与角色人格特质的匹配模式＂等理论假设．     

缺陷儿童人格诊断量表的修订

缺陷儿童人格诊断量表是日本特殊教育领域的一种专门用于测量缺陷儿童人格的著名量表。作者用三年时间对其进行了修订,建立了包括弱智、聋哑、盲等缺陷儿童的中国常模。该量表具有较高的信度与效度,是一个较好的心理测量工具。     

恐惧发生与预防的实验研究：──Ⅱ、强噪音下不同处理背景动物身心变化的观察分析

采用生理心理学的实验方法．对强噪音下四组不同处理背景大鼠的旷场反应、援食、饮水、排泄和尿生物化学等方面进行比较。结果发现：①Ⅰ组（强刺激组）的各类指标均发生情绪性（恐惧）改变。与２组（预防训练Ⅰ组）、３组（预防训练Ⅱ组）、４组（控制组）以及自身基线（ＭＡＯ）比较差异显著;②适应性训练有助于防止大鼠恐惧发生及上述各类指标发生异常．③由于训练的方法不同,预防的效果也不同。３组与４组比较无显著差异,２组与４组比较某些指标有显著差异。④１组和２组部分大鼠出现皮肤、消化道病变。     

Misalignment effects in 3-D versions of Poggendorff displays

Strong misalignment effects are found in three-dimensional (3-D) versions of Poggendorff displays viewed binocularly. The components of the standard 2-D Poggendorff figure—the parallels and the oblique segments—were presented in 3-D depth as a flat rectangular object with occluding edges and an oblique line situated behind the object. Three experiments investigated the misalignment effects under three different observation instructions: Subjects were told to look at the oblique (Experiment 1), at the rectangle (Experiment 2), or at the background (Experiment 3). Experiments 1 and 2 examined the effects on judgments of alignment of varying the distance in depth that separates the oblique from the rectangle. Experiment 3 examined the effects of varying the distance between the fixated background and the 3-D Poggendorff figure. Both standard and reversed misalignment effects were obtained. When the viewing condition produces crossed disparity for the oblique, perceived misalignment occurs in the usual Poggendorff direction, but it is reversed with uncrossed disparity. Moreover, the amount of misalignment is related to the amount of disparity, and it can be much stronger than is usual in the 2-D versions of the Poggendorff. The misalignment effects can be explained by binocular integration to produce a single cyclopean image.     

海马CA_3区习得性LTP的进一步探讨

分辨学习中大鼠ＰＰ－ＣＡ_３突触效应有习得性ＬＴＰ产生,进一步观察到ＭＦ－ＣＡ_３及Ｃｏｍｍ－ＣＡ_３也同步地产生习得性ＬＴＰ,表明几种输入突触都产生习得性ＬＴＰ,而ＭＦ－ＣＡ_３突触效应增强的程度则较Ｃｏｍｍ－ＣＡ_３的为大（Ｐ＜０．０１）。海马ＣＡ_３注入印防己毒素能易化ＰＰ－ＣＡ_３突触习得性ＬＴＰ的产生,工作发现一侧海马ＣＡ_３注印防己毒素,易化对侧ＭＦ－ＣＡ_３突触习得性ＬＴＰ的产生,表明两侧海马ＣＡ_３区在其习得性ＬＴＰ的形成上是相互协同的。     

乳头体对海马齿状回习得性长时程突触增强的影响

用高频电脉冲刺激大鼠乳头体（ＭＢ）,可一过性抑制由刺激穿通纤维（ＰＰ）诱发的海马齿状回（ＤＧ）群体锋电位（ＰＳ）。训练作业前先刺激ＭＢ,导致ＤＧ的习得性长时程突触增强（ＬＤＬＴＰ）的形成显著延缓,相应地延缓了条件性饮水反应的建立。电刺激ＭＢ对ＰＰ─ＤＧＰＳ的这种抑制作用在训练所产生的ＰＳ增大达最高水平时显著减弱,刺激ＭＢ对ＬＤＬＴＰ的保持及相应地对条件反应的巩固没有明显影响。结果表明ＭＢ对ＤＧＬＤＬＴＰ的形成有抑制性调制作用。     

学业不良学生类型与特点的聚类分析

该研究运用Ｑ聚类分析对上海市区１４８０名初中预备班学生的能力和个性特征进行分类研究。结果发现１４８０名被试中存有心理发展水平不同的六个主要类别,这些类别与学生学业成绩的优劣关系密切。同时,３５３名差生可分为四个主要类型：即,暂时性困难学生、能力型困难学生、动力型困难学生和整体性困难学生,不同类型的差生具有不同的特点。这为针对不同类型学生的特点制定有效的教育措施提供了依据。     

短时动作记忆的容量和精确度与动作学习的关系

该研究采用实验室实验法,被试自我报告分析及调查访问法,以三个年龄（１０岁、１４岁、１８岁）组学生及专项运动员为实验对象,揭示短时动作记忆的容量和精确度及其与动作学习指数的关系。结果表明：（１）被试的短时动作记忆容量为“５±２”,短时动作记忆的容量与动作学习的练习次数相联系;短时动作记忆的精确度与第一次动作练习的准确度相联系。（２）短时动作记忆的容量有随年龄增长而递增的趋势。（３）运动员与非运动员被试对于同类动作学习的练习次数存在显著性差异。     

成人脑涨落图年龄变化特点的研究

该工作研究了１２０名２０－７９岁正常成人脑涨落图的年龄变化特点。结果表明：（１）从２０岁到５０岁,Ｓ系谱线活动向低频方向集中,６０岁后谱线又向高频方向有所移动;（２）部分谐振系的随龄变化表现明显,其中以Ｓ１７系变化最为敏感;（３）脑区间相干活动和各脑区的连频活动随年龄增强,脑能量分布的有序性逐渐破坏;（４）增龄性变化主要反映在优势脑区（左前脑）和优势脑轴（左前／右后脑）上,与脑高级机能活动密切相关的左前脑的退行性变化最为明显。上述结果反映了脑功能的减退是一个非线性的多层次的复杂过程。