个人化设计在临床研究中的应用——从个体角度研究个体差异

本文从有关研究证据的基础上,介绍了个人化设计的理论基础和实验设计,并在此基础上讨论了个人化设计在临床研究领域中的应用价值,总结出一种适合临床病人使用的研究程序。个人化设计允许对个体的个人价值进行分析,并能同时研究不同刺激信息的作用,在个体水平上分析个体差异。通过简化了的实验程序,个人化设计为解决临床研究中的问题提供了一种新的思维方式。文中还对相关研究法的局限进行了讨论。     

Semantic facilitation and translation priming effects in Chinese-English bilinguals

In two experiments, semantic facilitation and translation priming effects in Chinese-English bilingual speakers were demonstrated with a lexical decision task. A 300-msec stimulus-onset asynchrony (SOA) was used between display of the prime and the target item. Experiment 1 showed that subjects' lexical decision responses were facilitated to a greater extent when primed by a translation equivalent than a semantically related between-language word. In Experiment 2, we found that pictorial, between-language, and within-language primes produced comparable effects of semantic facilitation. These results are in line with the hypothesis that lexical items in different languages and pictures are processed by means of an amodal conceptual system.     

TOWARD A NEW RELATION BETWEEN HUMANITY AND NATURE: RECONSTRUCTING T'IEN-JEN-HO-I

Abstract. The traditional Chinese idea of t'ien-jen-ho-i (Heaven and humanity in union) implies that humanity has to live in harmony with nature. As science and technology progress, however, the idea appears increasingly outmoded, and it becomes fashionable to talk about overcoming nature. Ironically, though, the further science reaches the more clearly are its limitations exposed. The exploitation of nature not only endangers many life forms on earth but threatens the very existence of the human species. I propose that a reconstruction of the traditional Chinese idea of T'ien-jen-ho-i will help us envisage a new and salutary relation between humanity and nature.     

广州大学生对衣服款式及颜色爱好特点的实验研究

本文采用心理物理学的等级排列法,用男女各16种服式及27种颜色布样做材料,随机抽取广州市五所大学一年级学生男女各30名为被试,对被试的服式爱好和颜色爱好特点进行实验研究,结果表明:(1)单纯对布样颜色爱好的顺序与对特定服式的颜色爱好顺序不一样、衣服款式不同,喜欢配搭的颜色的爱好等级顺序也不同。(2)当前男女大学生都喜欢活泼大方、文雅、有朝气的服装款式,而不喜欢过时的、古旧的服式。(3)从颜色明度来看,大学生喜欢明度大的(反射率Y大的)颜色,不喜欢明度小的(反射率Y小的)颜色。其颜色爱好变化趋势是从明度大的颜色向明度小的颜色方向变化。     

Alcohol and social behavior II: the helpful drunkard

Can alcohol make people more helpful, and if so, how? We hypothesized that alcohol would increase helping when, if the person were sober, the helping response would be under high inhibitory conflict--that is, when it would be affected by strong instigating and inhibiting pressures. Alcohol's damage to inhibitory processing should then allow instigating pressures to have more influence on the response, increasing helping. We expected that under low inhibitory conflict, when either or both of these response pressures would be weak under sobriety, alcohol would have little effect on helping. In two experiments we examined this reasoning. In Study 1, a mild dose of alcohol increased helping among high-conflict subjects pressured to help with a task they did not like, but did not increase helping among low-conflict subjects who either liked the task or were weakly pressured to help. In Study 2, a somewhat stronger dose of alcohol increased helping among all high-conflict subjects pressured to help with an undesirable task, yet again had no effect among low-conflict subjects weakly pressured to help. These studies provided an experimental demonstration of the role of inhibitory response conflict in mediating alcohol's social effects, and show that this process generalizes to prosocial behavior. Additional evidence from both experiments helped to rule out alternative explanations concerning drinking expectancies, alcohol's ability to enhance mood, and its ability to make the task more bearable.     

信息整合模型与中国人印象形成的特点

24名大学生各自独立地完成了两组由3×3因子设计的材料(人格特质形容词)构成的印象形成的任务。结果表明,信息整合理论的实验设计思想可以在中国文化的背景下应用。中国被试印象形成时的信息整合模型与西方学者的结果比较一致,但同时又体现出其独特的特点。文中对此做了讨论。     

模拟歼击机主仪表板各视区视觉效果的研究

歼击机座舱的视界是人-机系统中组成人机界面的一个重要方面。对歼击机座舱外视界各国研究得比较多,而对座舱内部视界则研究得比较少。笔者用自行设计和研制的速识器和视标箱,在模拟我国现役歼击机座舱有关参数的条件下,实测100名空勤人员对分布在主仪表板上32个视标的反应时。把主仪表板分成八个区域(上、下各四个区),对测得的数据进行统计学处理,得出如下结论:上中两个区为最佳视区,右下区为一般视区,其余区域为较佳视区。把主仪表板分成四个区域(上、下各两个区),其视觉效果上比下好,左比右好,符合工程心理学的一般规律。     

小学儿童公益劳动观念发展的研究

本研究从被试对摆脱成人惩罚影响按行为本身好坏作出判断的反应、对摆脱行为客观后果按行为者主观动机作出判断的反应、对公益劳动的不同行动倾向的反应,对公益劳动的不同情感体验的反应诸方面,较全面地探究了小学儿童公益劳动观念的发展特点。研究结果表明:我国小学儿童在9.5岁基本形成了公益劳动观念,形成公益劳动观念的重大变化在7.5～9.5岁之间;西方价值观辨析学派关于敢于坦露和倾吐情感体验应是衡量是否具有相应道德观念的“指征(indicator)”之一的观点,是否适合于考察中国儿童道德观念的发展尚需进一步研究。