为什么要有道德

"为什么要有道德"是伦理学的基本问题.这个问题可以分为社会为什么要有道德和个人为什么要有道德.经过分析我们发现,后面一个问题原来是无解的.这样,与其追问有道德的目的不如探究有道德的原因,以及有道德的后果,这些都有助于我们重新思考道德教育和道德进步.     

Beyond risk and ambiguity: Deciding under ignorance

In this study, we examined the neural basis of decision making under different types of uncertainty that involve missing information: ambiguity (vague probabilities) and sample space ignorance (SSI; unknown outcomes). fMRI revealed that these two different types of uncertainty recruit distinct neural substrates: Ambiguity recruits the left insula, whereas SSI recruits the anterior cingulate cortex, bilateral inferior parietal cortex, and the lateral orbitofrontal cortex. The finding of unique activations for different types of uncertainty may not necessarily be predicted within the reductive approach of modern theories of decision making under uncertainty, because these theories purport that humans reduce more complicated uncertain environments to subjectively formed less complicated ones (i.e., SSI to ambiguity). The predictions of the reductive view held only for ambiguityaverse individuals and not for ambiguity-tolerant individuals. Consequently, theories of decision making under uncertainty should include individual tolerance for missing information and how these individual differences modulate the neural systems engaged during decision making. Supplemental materials for this article may be downloaded from http://cabn.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.     

Position of phonetic components may influence how written words are processed in the brain: Evidence from Chinese phonetic compound pronunciation

Previous studies have shown a right-visual-field (RVF)/left-hemisphere (LH) advantage in Chinese phonetic compound pronunciation. Here, we contrast the processing of two phonetic compound types: a dominant structure in which a semantic component appears on the left and a phonetic component on the right (SP characters), and a minority structure with the opposite arrangement (PS characters). We show that this RVF/LH advantage was observed only in SP character pronunciation, but not in PS character pronunciation. This result suggests that SP character processing is more LH lateralized than is PS character processing and is consistent with corresponding ERP N170 data. This effect may be due to the dominance of SP characters in the lexicon, which makes readers opt to obtain phonological information from the right of the characters. This study thus shows that the overall information distribution of word components in the lexicon may influence how written words are processed in the brain. Supplemental materials for this article may be downloaded from http://cabn .psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental.     

人格特质与主观幸福感:情绪调节的中介作用

通过对1163名大学生被试进行人格特质、情绪调节策略的使用以及主观幸福感的测查,本研究探讨了气质性人格特质(神经质和外倾性)这种稳定的内在心理结构对主观幸福感产生影响的可能机制。结果发现:(1)除直接影响个体的主观幸福感外,神经质和外倾性还会通过重新评价策略的使用间接影响主观幸福感;(2)人格特质和重新评价策略的使用可以有效预测个体主观幸福感的变异;(3)习惯性地使用表达抑制策略对个体的主观幸福感并没有显著的影响。这些结果表明重新评价策略的使用在人格特质对主观幸福感的影响中具有重要的中介作用。该发现对进一步制定改善和提高个体的主观幸福感的干预措施具有重要的启示和指导意义。     

罪犯精神病态的初步探索

以中国罪犯为被试,对Hare精神病态量表进行修订,并在此基础上进一步探讨罪犯精神病态的影响因素。研究结果表明:(1)修订的Hare精神病态量表具有良好的信度和效度;(2)年龄、文化程度、婚姻状况和犯罪次数是影响罪犯精神病态得分的重要因素。20-29岁年龄组罪犯精神病态的得分显著高于30-38岁年龄组;文化程度高的罪犯精神病态的得分显著低于文化程度低的罪犯,大专以上文化程度的罪犯精神病态得分最低;未婚罪犯精神病态的得分显著高于已婚和离异的罪犯;累犯精神病态的得分显著高于初犯。     

企业员工工作倦怠研究:归因的视角

运用问卷调查法从归因视角对企业员工工作倦怠进行探讨,结果表明:(1)采用安戈夫(Angof)f方法得到倦怠标准的界定分数,其中情绪耗竭维度为21分,玩世不恭维度为14分,成就感低落维度为19分;(2)归因的物质环境、人际关系与价值感因子均与情绪耗竭、玩世不恭呈显著正相关,与成就感低落呈显著负相关,而归因的生活态度因子仅与个人成就感低落呈显著负相关;(3)人际关系与价值感因子对情绪耗竭有显著的正向预测作用;价值感因子对玩世不恭有显著的正向预测作用;物质环境与生活态度因子对成就感低落有显著的负向预测作用。     

组织水平上的领导—员工交换(LMX)研究——LMX与组织公平

文章以领导-员工交换理论(LMX)研究的发展为线索,着重介绍了国外最新有关组织水平LMX的研究。论述了相关的研究结果和研究方法,用LMX理论与结果公平、程序公平和互动公平的概念讨论工作组织中员工的社会比较过程。最后指出组织水平研究对企业管理的实践意义。     

东北地区高师院校师范生教师职业成熟度的现状

采用自编师范生教师职业成熟度问卷对东北地区6所高师院校师范生进行了师范生教师职业成熟度发展现状的调查。结果表明：（1）在教师职业能力成熟度方面,师范生表现为知识准备比较充分,但有关教师专业技能的社会实践经验不足;（2）师范生教师职业成熟度的发展水平随着年级的增长而递增;（3）女生的师范生教师职业成熟度显著高于男生,农村学生显著高于县镇和城市学生,并且省属普通高师院校师范生比省属重点高师院校师范生做了更充分的教师职业能力准备。     

外框数目、线索数目和线索类型对返回抑制的影响

采用被试内重复测量设计和经典的线索—靶子实验范式,考查了外框数目（4和8）、线索数目（1和3）、不同线索类型（on-off线索（即线索出现后消失）、onset线索（即线索持续呈现））对返回抑制的影响,发现靶子潜在位置数目越多反应时越长,返回抑制量越小;线索数目越少反应时越长,返回抑制量越大;onset线索反应时长于on-off线索,onset线索产生的返回抑制量大于on-off线索。这表明空间工作记忆负载和记忆痕迹会影响返回抑制。