元认知监控活动对认知负荷和多媒体学习的影响

在多媒体学习的不同时段呈现元认知监控提示,考察其对认知负荷和学习成绩的影响.结果表明,有意识的监控活动增加了被试总的认知负荷,对学习的迁移有积极影响.元认知监控活动提高了迁移测试成绩,但对记忆成绩没有显著影响.在内在、外在元认知负荷较低情况下,增加元认知监控活动有更好的学习迁移效果.     

在读护生的职业认同研究

目的研制在读护生的护士职业认同评价工具,并检测其信度和效度.方法运用访谈法、专家咨询法和文献法设计原始问卷,并运用调查法对145名护生进行试测,系统分析问卷的信效度.结果在读护生的护士职业认同问卷自我认知纬度包古五个因子,累计贡献率64.072%,共18项题目;自我体验纬度包吉五个因子,累计贡献率66.419%,共22项题目;自我控制纬度包含两因子累计贡献率53.766%,共11项题目,该问卷有较好的信效度.结论在读护生的护士职业认同问卷可以作为护理教育者对在读护生进行职业心理素质教育的评价依据.     

技术批判理论的理论基础和发展趋势——安德鲁·费恩伯格教授访谈录

费恩伯格(Andrew Lewis Feenberg)是加拿大西蒙·弗雷泽大学信息与传媒学院教授、技术哲学研究会主席,当代西方有代表性的技术批判理论家,曾师从西方马克思主义者戈德曼、马尔库塞.著有<马克思、卢卡奇和批判理论的来源>、<技术批判理论>、<可选择的现代性>、<追问技术>、<海德格尔和马尔库塞:技术的大灾难和大拯救>等多部著作,编辑出版了<技术与知识政治学>、<技术与现代性>等,发表论文几十篇.     

Upregulation of hippocampal TrkB and synaptotagmin is involved in treadmill exercise-enhanced aversive memory in mice

Cognitive functions usually involve various synaptic proteins and neurotrophic factors in the hippocampus. However, whether treadmill exercise can improve learning and memory by upregulating some of these molecules remain unraveled. To address this question, male BALB/c mice were divided into control and exercise groups, the latter group went through 4 weeks of treadmill exercise training. At the end of exercise training period, they were either tested for passive avoidance (PA) performance or sacrificed for quantifying the hippocampal levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB, the BDNF receptor), synaptotagmin (a Ca²⁺-dependent synaptic vesicle protein), and SNAP-25 (a presynaptic vesicular fusion protein). Our results showed that treadmill exercise training (1) increased the retention latency without affecting the fear acquisition in the PA test, (2) transiently increased the hippocampal BDNF level at 1, 2, and 4 h after the completion of exercise training, and (3) persistently increased the hippocampal protein levels of full-length TrkB, phosphorylated TrkB and synaptotagmin, but not truncated TrkB or SNAP-25. Moreover, the protein expression level of full-length TrkB or synaptotagmin was positively correlated with PA performance in mice. Finally, inhibition of TrkB signaling by K252a abolished the exercise-facilitated PA performance and upregulation of TrkB and synaptotagmin. Taken together, these data suggest that the upregulation of TrkB and synaptotagmin in the hippocampus contributes to the exercise-facilitated aversive memory.     

Differential Genetic and Environmental Influences on Reactive and Proactive Aggression in Children

While significant heritability for childhood aggression has been claimed, it is not known whether there are differential genetic and environmental contributions to proactive and reactive forms of aggression in children. This study quantifies genetic and environmental contributions to these two forms of aggression in an ethnically diverse urban sample of 9–10 year old twins (N = 1219), and compares results across different informants (child self-report, mother, and teacher ratings) using the Reactive–Proactive Aggression Questionnaire (RPQ). Confirmatory factor analysis of RPQ items indicated a significant and strong fit for a two-factor proactive–reactive model which was significantly superior to a one-factor model and which replicated across gender as well as the three informant sources. Males scored significantly higher than females on both self-report reactive and proactive aggression, findings that replicated on mother and teacher versions of the RPQ. Asian–Americans scored lower than most ethnic groups on reactive aggression yet were equivalent to Caucasians on proactive aggression. African–Americans scored higher than other ethnic groups on all measures of aggression except caregiver reports. Heritable influences were found for both forms of aggression across informants, but while boys’ self-reports revealed genetic influences on proactive (50%) and reactive (38%) aggression, shared and non-shared environmental influences almost entirely accounted for girls’ self-report reactive and proactive aggression. Although genetic correlations between reactive and proactive aggression were significant across informants, there was evidence that the genetic correlation was less than unity in boys self reported aggression, indicating that genetic factors differ for proactive and reactive aggression. These findings provide the first evidence for varying genetic and environmental etiologies for reactive and proactive aggression across gender, and provide additional support for distinction between these two forms of aggression.     

北魏宗教管理体制初探

南北朝时期的佛教和道教发展十分兴盛,为了加强对宗教特别是佛道两教的管理,北魏最早设置僧官制度,任命沙门统和仙人博士官,建立了比较完备的宗教管理体制:昭玄系统和崇虚系统,分别管理佛教和道教.北魏的宗教管理体制首开政府宗教管理的先河,国家在政治、经济等诸多领域对宗教实行宏观管理,其先进的管理体制以及诸多管理原则和管理方式为后世所借鉴,产生了极为深远的影响.     

政府与官员的关系:道德冲突与伦理救治

基于"团体伦理学"的视角,政府组织整体与政府官员个体之间有四种伦理关系的组合方式.通过对这四种伦理组合关系的分析,可以揭示政府组织德性在行政伦理中的重要性.在政府组织德性的建设中,"行政伦理氛围"作为三个变量,即"自变量"、"因变量"与"调节变量"在不同的层面起着作用.行政伦理氛围的建设需要制定"政府伦理计划",它体现为三个环节,即行政领导的美德学习、政府伦理制度化与个人的道德自主性培养.     

阅读中跳读现象的研究

论文回顾了以往对阅读中跳读现象的研究.发现与跳读有关的因素主要包括眼动因素、阅读材料因素和语言因素.文章对有关阅读过程中跳读现象的各种解释理论进行了评述.同时,对开展汉字阅读中跳读现象研究进行了展望,提出考查中文与西文阅读中跳读差异性的重要性.     

高中骨干教师生活质量与心理健康状况调查

本研究以高中骨干教师为对象,采用问卷法对其生活质量及心理健康状况进行测查,以了解高中骨干教师生活质量及心理健康状况,探讨生活质量与心理健康的关系.结果显示,高中骨干教师心理健康状况不佳,在性别、婚姻状况、来自于城市还是农村等方面,生活质量及心理健康状况的一些因子存在着明显的差异,生活质量与心理健康状况在总体上高度相关.建议决策部门改进高中教师的生存状况,增进其身心健康,推动教育改革的发展进程.     

青少年早期职业不确定性及其影响因素

本文首先总结了国外有关青少年早期职业不确定性的研究进展,包括职业不确定性的认知和情感成分、早期职业不确定性与有效求职行为之间的联系;其次,进一步分析了影响青少年早期职业不确定性的各种主要因素,如个性差异、职业兴趣、人口学变量、早期工作经验和家庭环境;最后,对未来有关早期职业不确定性的研究方向提出展望。