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181.
The authors examined the longitudinal association between externalizing and depressive symptoms using a sample of 185 young adolescents whose mothers had histories of depression. The relation between externalizing behaviors in 6th grade and depressive symptoms a year later was partially mediated by dependent social stressors. Moreover, consistent with the personality-event congruence hypothesis, this mediation model was particularly true for children with high levels of interpersonal orientation (Neediness and Connectedness). In contrast, social stressors that were judged to be independent of the children's behavior, as well as both dependent and independent nonsocial stressors, did not mediate the longitudinal relation between externalizing and depressive symptoms. 相似文献
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Experiments were conducted to contrast the predictions from exemplar models and rule-based decisionboundary models of perceptual
classification. Observers classified multidimensional stimuli into categories that could be described in terms of easily verbalized
logical rules. The critical manipulation was that some pairs of stimuli received probabilistic feedback, whereas other control
pairs received deterministic feedback. Despite the probabilistic feedback, the probabilistic pairs and the deterministic pairs
were the same distance from idealobserver, rule-based decision boundaries. Across two experiments with varying category structures,
observers classified the probabilistic pairs with slower response times (RTs) and lower accuracies than the comparison deterministic
pairs. The effects were relatively long term, extending into test blocks in which all feedback was withheld. The results were
as predicted by exemplar models, but challenged models that posit that RT is a function solely of the distance of a stimulus
from rule-based boundaries. The studies add considerable generality to previous ones and suggest that, even in domains involving
rule-based category structures, exemplar-retrieval processes play a significant role. Supplemental materials related to this
article may be downloaded from http:// mc.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
184.
Cynthia M. Hartung Elizabeth K. Lefler Ashley B. Tempel Monica L. Armendariz Benjamin A. Sigel Carolyn S. Little 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(1):128-137
Halo effects in the assessment of ADHD and ODD were examined. Participants were 159 undergraduate college students who rated
children described as showing disruptive behaviors. Bidirectional halo effects were found. Specifically, the presence of oppositionality
artificially inflated ratings of inattention and hyperactivity, and the combined presence of inattention and hyperactivity
artificially inflated ratings of oppositionality. Several specific items were found to be particularly susceptible to halo
effects. Due to these halo effects caution should be exercised when diagnosing multiple behavior disorders, especially with
items found to be particularly susceptible. Clinical interviews conducted by mental health professionals may help distinguish
between the true presence of multiple disorders and halo effects based on ratings. Future research should determine whether
structured interviews conducted by mental health professionals are less susceptible to halo effects than rating scales. 相似文献
185.
Paul R. Nail Katrina E. Bedell Casey D. Little 《Personality and individual differences》2003,35(8):152
Conducted in the fall of 2000, this study investigates personality and social variables that should predict attitudes regarding the desirability of prosecuting President Clinton for perjury following the expiration of his term (in January of 2001). Prosecution was favored by High Preference for Consistency (PFC) more than Low PFC individuals, by High Self-Esteem more than Low Self-Esteem individuals, and by Republicans more than Democrats. In addition, PFC and Party Affiliation interacted: High PFCs wanted Clinton prosecuted regardless of Party Affiliation, but Low PFCs desired prosecution strongly only if they were Republicans. Overall, the results are consistent with the general self-theory principle that human beings tend to adopt attitudes and positions that restore, maintain, or enhance self-esteem. 相似文献
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SA HAMMAR LIN S
RENSEN GURO RDAL KETIL JOACHIM OEDEGAARD RUNE KROKEN ATLE RONESS ANDERS LUND 《Scandinavian journal of psychology》2010,51(4):304-308
Hammar, Å., Sørensen, L., Årdal, G., Oedegaard, K.J., Kroken, R., Roness, A. & Lund, A. (2009). Enduring cognitive dysfunction in unipolar major depression: A test–retest study using the Stroop‐paradigm. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology. The aim of the study was to investigate automatic and effortful information processing with the Stroop paradigm in a long term perspective in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Patients were tested at two test occasions: at inclusion with a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) score >18, and after 6 months, when most patients had experienced symptom reduction. The Stroop paradigm is considered to measure aspects of attention and executive functioning and consists of three conditions/cards: naming the color of the patches (Color), reading of the color‐words (Word) and naming the ink color of color‐words (Color‐Word). The Color‐Word condition is proved to be the most cognitive demanding task and requires the proband to actively suppress interference and is therefore considered to require more effortful information processing, whereas naming the color of the patches and reading the color‐words are expected to be more automatic and less cognitive demanding. A homogenous group of 19 patients with unipolar recurrent MDD according to DSM‐IV and a HDRS score of >18 were included in the study. A control group was individually matched for age, gender and level of education. Depressed patients performed equal to the control group on the Color and Word cards at both test occasions. However, the patients were impaired compared with the control group on the Color‐Word card task at both test occasions. Thus, the depressed patients showed no improvement of effortful attention/executive performance as a function of symptom reduction. The results indicate that the depressed patients showed impaired cognitive performance on cognitive demanding tasks when symptomatic and that this impairment prevailed after 6 months, despite significant improvement in their depressive symptoms. 相似文献
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A neural model, compatible with known “all or none” neurological principles, duplicates or closely approximates Stevens’ power law with any exponent—greater or less than unity. The model has several electronic analogues, and one is discussed. The model predicts experimental neurological and psychological findings. 相似文献