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151.
Dissociating averageness and attractiveness: attractive faces are not always average 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
DeBruine LM Jones BC Unger L Little AC Feinberg DR 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2007,33(6):1420-1430
Although the averageness hypothesis of facial attractiveness proposes that the attractiveness of faces is mostly a consequence of their averageness, 1 study has shown that caricaturing highly attractive faces makes them mathematically less average but more attractive. Here the authors systematically test the averageness hypothesis in 5 experiments using both rating and visual adaptation paradigms. Visual adaptation has previously been shown to increase both preferences for previously viewed face types (i.e., attractiveness) and their perceived normality (i.e., averageness). The authors used a visual adaptation procedure to test whether facial attractiveness is dependent upon faces' proximity to average (averageness hypothesis) or their location relative to average along an attractiveness dimension in face space (contrast hypothesis). While the typical pattern of change due to visual adaptation was found for judgments of normality, judgments of attractiveness resulted in a very different pattern. The results of these 5 experiments conclusively support the proposal that there are specific nonaverage characteristics that are particularly attractive. The authors discuss important implications for the interpretation of studies using a visual adaptation paradigm to investigate attractiveness. 相似文献
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Brian R. Little 《Psychologie appliquee》2006,55(3):419-427
Cervone, Shadel, Smith, and Fiori (2006 ) make a strong case for enhancing theoretical coherence in the study of self-regulation by examining recent advances in personality science. I extend their line of argument, reframe their philosophical reminders and strategically shift their suggestions. My goal is to provide an augmented base from which personality science and self-regulation research and practice can derive mutual benefit. Consensus seems to be emerging that personality science can be usefully conceptualised as a multi-tier structure, each floor of which focuses on different units of analysis. I focus on Tier I (trait units) and Tier II (PAC units (personal action constructs)). I suggest that Tier II is the home of both the social cognitive theorists and social ecological theorists and that they seem to have colluded to ignore each other. I use Cervone et al.'s timely article as a stimulant to do some renovation work on this floor. Focusing on personal projects I suggest that they provide an integrative function for personality science that augments the contributions of their close neighbors doing CAPS and KAPA research. By some minor renovations we find ourselves able to speak to the narrative theorists in the loft above and even to the trait theorists below. The resulting conversational potential, I suggest, is salutary for both personality science and the study of self-regulation. 相似文献
155.
Experiments were conducted to contrast the predictions from exemplar models and rule-based decisionboundary models of perceptual
classification. Observers classified multidimensional stimuli into categories that could be described in terms of easily verbalized
logical rules. The critical manipulation was that some pairs of stimuli received probabilistic feedback, whereas other control
pairs received deterministic feedback. Despite the probabilistic feedback, the probabilistic pairs and the deterministic pairs
were the same distance from idealobserver, rule-based decision boundaries. Across two experiments with varying category structures,
observers classified the probabilistic pairs with slower response times (RTs) and lower accuracies than the comparison deterministic
pairs. The effects were relatively long term, extending into test blocks in which all feedback was withheld. The results were
as predicted by exemplar models, but challenged models that posit that RT is a function solely of the distance of a stimulus
from rule-based boundaries. The studies add considerable generality to previous ones and suggest that, even in domains involving
rule-based category structures, exemplar-retrieval processes play a significant role. Supplemental materials related to this
article may be downloaded from http:// mc.psychonomic-journals.org/content/supplemental. 相似文献
156.
Cynthia M. Hartung Elizabeth K. Lefler Ashley B. Tempel Monica L. Armendariz Benjamin A. Sigel Carolyn S. Little 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2010,32(1):128-137
Halo effects in the assessment of ADHD and ODD were examined. Participants were 159 undergraduate college students who rated
children described as showing disruptive behaviors. Bidirectional halo effects were found. Specifically, the presence of oppositionality
artificially inflated ratings of inattention and hyperactivity, and the combined presence of inattention and hyperactivity
artificially inflated ratings of oppositionality. Several specific items were found to be particularly susceptible to halo
effects. Due to these halo effects caution should be exercised when diagnosing multiple behavior disorders, especially with
items found to be particularly susceptible. Clinical interviews conducted by mental health professionals may help distinguish
between the true presence of multiple disorders and halo effects based on ratings. Future research should determine whether
structured interviews conducted by mental health professionals are less susceptible to halo effects than rating scales. 相似文献
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