Psychophysiological aspects of systematic desensitization: some outstanding issues

Nine psychophysiological propositions generated by systematic desensitization theory were examined in the light of recent research. Four propositions were substantially confirmed, four partially confirmed and one was not confirmed. Facts reviewed did no agree with the prediction from desensitization theory that less threatening stimuli decondition faster than more threatening stimuli. With the exception noted above, desensitization theory was generally supported. A scheme for distinguishing four types of autonomic response change (habituation, reciprocal inhibition, counterconditioning and extinction) was presented.     

Status of Guidance and Counseling in the Elementary School

This study investigated some aspects of elementary school guidance and counseling in the 50 states and the 4 American territories. Specifically, such matters as the number of counselors employed, their professional background, certification, and state standards were examined. Results of this study were as follows: 3,837 counselors are now working in elementary schools in 48 states; the majority of these counselors are former elementary school teachers. Over 70 per cent are supported in part by federal funds. To date, 14 states have developed certification requirements for elementary counselors that are discernibly different from secondary certification. For the most part, state standards for elementary school guidance lack specificity; in some cases such standards are non-existent