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71.
This study examined the effects of anticipated service interruptions on natural disaster preparedness intentions. In a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial experiment, students were exposed to scenarios with varied levels of anticipated basic service interruption (no mention, low, high), and person‐relative‐to event (PrE) factors shown to affect preparedness (low, high), across 2 types of disaster (earthquake, flood). Results indicated no main or interaction effects related to type of natural disasters, significant main effects for levels of PrE and service interruption, and a significant PrE × Service Interruption interaction. Anticipated service interruption affected preparedness, regardless of level of PrE. Bringing service interruption into awareness increases willingness to prepare, suggesting that public‐health efforts should include messages regarding potential interruption of services. 相似文献
72.
Diana J. Leonard Diane M. Mackie Eliot R. Smith 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2011,47(6):1198-1206
According to intergroup emotion theory, the impact of many intergroup events on intergroup outcomes is mediated by group-directed emotions. We demonstrate that the ability of apology to reduce retribution against and increase forgiveness of a transgressing outgroup is contributed to by discrete intergroup emotions. We examined both negative (anger and fear) and positive (respect and satisfaction) emotions directed toward the transgressing outgroup. Apology reduced the desire for retribution whereas lack of apology increased it, and outgroup-directed anger uniquely mediated this effect. In contrast, apology increased and lack of apology decreased forgiveness, particularly when the ingroup responded to the transgression, and only outgroup-directed respect mediated this effect. These results provide the first evidence that intergroup emotions can mediate the impact of apology on intergroup relations outcomes. 相似文献
73.
Farrell MT Abrams L 《Journal of experimental psychology. Learning, memory, and cognition》2011,37(1):277-285
Syllable frequency has been shown to facilitate production in some languages but has yielded inconsistent results in English and has never been examined in older adults. Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT) states represent a unique type of production failure where the phonology of a word is unable to be retrieved, suggesting that the frequency of phonological forms, like syllables, may influence the occurrence of TOT states. In the current study, we investigated the role of first-syllable frequency on TOT incidence and resolution in young (18-26 years of age), young-old (60-74 years of age), and old-old (75-89 years of age) adults. Data from 3 published studies were compiled, where TOTs were elicited by presenting definition-like questions and asking participants to respond with "Know," "Don't Know," or "TOT." Young-old and old-old adults, but not young adults, experienced more TOTs for words beginning with low-frequency first syllables relative to high-frequency first syllables. Furthermore, age differences in TOT incidence occurred only for words with low-frequency first syllables. In contrast, when a prime word with the same first syllable as the target was presented during TOT states, all age groups resolved more TOTs for words beginning with low-frequency syllables. These findings support speech production models that allow for bidirectional activation between conceptual, lexical, and phonological forms of words. Furthermore, the age-specific effects of syllable frequency provide insight into the progression of age-linked changes to phonological processes. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2010 APA, all rights reserved). 相似文献
74.
The neurocognitive architecture for response selection is uncertain. Some theorists suggest that it is mediated by an amodal
central mechanism, whereas others propose a set of independent control mechanisms. In a functional neuroimaging experiment,
we investigated the nature of response selection by examining how its underlying brain mechanisms are affected by stimulus
modality. To do this, we used a modified flanker task, in which the target and flanker (distractor) stimuli differed in time
rather than space, making it accessible for both visual and auditory stimuli. As in the traditional flanker task, larger reaction
times were observed for incongruent than congruent trials (i.e., a congruency effect) for both modalities. Congruency affected
brain activation for both modalities in prefrontal cortex, parietal cortex, and the putamen. Modality-dependent activation
was found in additional prefrontal and parietal regions for the visual modality and in left inferior prefrontal cortex for
the auditory modality. Modality-dependent activity specifically related to response congruency was also found in sensory cortical
regions. These data suggest that modality affects the brain regions throughout the cortex mediating response selection even
for conceptually identical stimuli and tasks. They are consistent with the hypothesis that (at least partially) independent
brain networks mediate response selection and that input modality may be a powerful factor for organizing neural activity
to support task performance. 相似文献
75.
Diane M. Mackie Eliot R. Smith Devin G. Ray 《Social and Personality Psychology Compass》2008,2(5):1866-1880
Intergroup emotions theory seeks to understand and improve intergroup relations by focusing on the emotions engendered by belonging to, and by deriving identity from, a social group (processes called self‐categorization and identification). Intergroup emotions are shaped by the very different ways in which members of different groups see group‐relevant objects and events. These emotions come, with time and repetition, to be part and parcel of group membership itself. Once evoked, specific intergroup emotions direct and regulate specific intergroup behaviors. This approach has implications for theories of emotion as well as of intergroup relations. Because intergroup emotions derive from self‐categorization and identification and because they strongly influence intergroup behavior, intergroup emotions theory provides an innovative framework for attempts to reduce prejudice and improve intergroup relations. 相似文献
76.
Michael H. Fisher Gregory C. Kozlowski Kurtis R. Schaeffer Francis X. Clooney SJ Carl Olson Martha Ann Selby Thomas Forsthoefel Lise F. Vail Rebecca J. Manring Narasingha P. Sil Brian K. Pennington Ashley James Dawson Sarah Hodges Thomas Forsthoefel 《International Journal of Hindu Studies》2002,6(2):199-220
77.
To study the relationship between cancer and emotional adjustment, investigation of situation-specific coping behaviors with
respect to narrowly defined Stressors has recently been promoted. The development and validation of shorter instruments, designed
to facilitate completion by clinical populations, has also been recommended. The current study examined the coping skills
used by French-Canadian women undergoing radiation therapy for breast cancer. A factor analysis of the 28-item shortened COPE
(Carver, Scheier, & Weintraub, 1989) yielded the following eight factors: disengagement, self-distraction, active coping,
using emotional support from husband/ partner, using emotional support from friends, turning to religion, humor, and substance
use. The test-retest and Cronbach alpha internal consistency reliability coefficients of the French-Canadian shortened COPE
were actually higher than those observed in the full-length version of the instrument. In addition, the eight factor-based
scores correlated in a theoretically meaningful manner with existing measures of coping skills with illness (Coping with Health
Injuries and Problems; CHIP) and mood disturbance (Profile of Mood States; POMS), thus suggesting good construct convergent
and concurrent criterion validity. In particular, the disengagement COPE scale was correlated highly with anxiety, depression,
and anger. While further validation is recommended, the results show promise for the shortened COPE in assessing coping in
women with breast cancer, and also provide continued evidence for the notion that specific coping skills are associated with
particular mood states. 相似文献
78.
Per Carlbring Lise Bergman Nordgren Gerhard Andersson 《Behaviour research and therapy》2009,47(10):848-850
Internet-delivered guided cognitive behaviour therapy for social anxiety disorder has been found to generate promising short-term results, up to one year posttreatment. No study has however documented longer follow-up periods. In this 30-month follow-up we contacted 57 participants from the original study of which 77.2% (44/57) responded to the Internet-administered outcome measures and 66.7% (38/57) completed a telephone interview. Results showed large pretreatment to follow-up within-group effect sizes for the primary outcome measures (Cohen's d 1.10-1.71), and a majority (68.4%; 26/38) reported improvements in the interview. The findings suggest that the long-term effects seen in previous live treatment CBT trials can occur in Internet-delivered treatment as well. 相似文献
79.
Charles R. Seger Eliot R. Smith Diane M. Mackie 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2009,45(1):80-89
Individuals can often accurately perceive others’ emotions in a purely interpersonal context. However, when people identify with an important ingroup, they experience distinctive patterns of emotion [Smith, E. R., Seger, C. R., & Mackie, D. M. (2007). Can emotions be truly group-level? Evidence regarding four conceptual criteria. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 93, 431-446]. Thus, in three studies using a variety of meaningful groups, we examine how a salient distinction between groups might influence people’s ability to estimate the emotions of outgroup members. Participants demonstrated substantial though imperfect accuracy in estimating the emotions reported by outgroups. Specific biases affected their estimates, especially the overlap of perceived emotions of the outgroup with the ingroup’s own emotions. Furthermore, there was a general overprediction of outgroups’ negative emotions and underprediction of their positive emotions. Because of the importance of an outgroup’s emotions as potential causes of their behavior, accuracy and biases in group emotion estimation may be consequential for intergroup relations. 相似文献
80.