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931.
932.
Jessica S. Horst Ann E. Ellis Larissa K. Samuelson Erika Trejo Samantha L. Worzalla Jessica R. Peltan Lisa M. Oakes 《Developmental science》2009,12(1):96-105
Two experiments demonstrate that 14‐ to 18‐month‐old toddlers can adaptively change how they categorize a set of objects within a single session, and that this ability is related to vocabulary size. In both experiments, toddlers were presented with a sequential touching task with objects that could be categorized either according to some perceptually salient dimension corresponding to a taxonomic distinction (e.g. animals vs. vehicles) or to some less obvious dimension (e.g. rigid vs. deformable). In each experiment, children with larger productive vocabularies responded to both dimensions, showing evidence of sensitivity to each way of categorizing the items. Children with smaller productive vocabularies attended only to the taxonomically related categorical grouping. These experiments confirm that toddlers can adaptively shift the basis of their categorization and highlight the dynamic interaction between the child and the current task in early categorization. 相似文献
933.
Lisa B. Thorell Sofia Lindqvist Sissela Bergman Nutley Gunilla Bohlin Torkel Klingberg 《Developmental science》2009,12(1):106-113
Executive functions, including working memory and inhibition, are of central importance to much of human behavior. Interventions intended to improve executive functions might therefore serve an important purpose. Previous studies show that working memory can be improved by training, but it is unknown if this also holds for inhibition, and whether it is possible to train executive functions in preschoolers. In the present study, preschool children received computerized training of either visuo‐spatial working memory or inhibition for 5 weeks. An active control group played commercially available computer games, and a passive control group took part in only pre‐ and posttesting. Children trained on working memory improved significantly on trained tasks; they showed training effects on non‐trained tests of spatial and verbal working memory, as well as transfer effects to attention. Children trained on inhibition showed a significant improvement over time on two out of three trained task paradigms, but no significant improvements relative to the control groups on tasks measuring working memory or attention. In neither of the two interventions were there effects on non‐trained inhibitory tasks. The results suggest that working memory training can have significant effects also among preschool children. The finding that inhibition could not be improved by either one of the two training programs might be due to the particular training program used in the present study or possibly indicate that executive functions differ in how easily they can be improved by training, which in turn might relate to differences in their underlying psychological and neural processes. 相似文献
934.
The question why synaesthesia, an atypical binding within or between modalities, occurs is both enduring and important. Two explanations have been provided: (1) a congenital explanation: we are all born as synaesthetes but most of us subsequently lose the experience due to brain development; (2) a learning explanation: synaesthesia is related to some learning process during childhood. Three recent studies provide conflicting support for these explanations. Two studies supported the idea that synaesthesia is learned by showing that the frequency of everyday language implicitly modulates the synaesthetic experience. Another study argued that synaesthesia reflects basic, innate magnitude representations. In this paper we reassess these points of view, and show that it is possible for both to be valid. These findings are integrated into an interactive specialization account of development in order to explain the neuronal mechanism underlying synaesthesia. 相似文献
935.
In this study adults performed numerical and physical size judgments on a symbolic (Arabic numerals) and non-symbolic (groups
of dots) size congruity task. The outcomes would reveal whether a size congruity effect (SCE) can be obtained irrespective
of notation. Subsequently, 5-year-old children performed a physical size judgment on both tasks. The outcomes will give a
better insight in the ability of 5-year-olds to automatically process symbolic and non-symbolic numerosities. Adult performance
on the symbolic and non-symbolic size congruity tasks revealed a SCE for numerical and physical size judgments, indicating
that the non-symbolic size congruity task is a valid indicator for automatic processing of non-symbolic numerosities. Physical
size judgments on both tasks by children revealed a SCE only for non-symbolic notation, indicating that the lack of a symbolic
SCE is not related to the mathematical or cognitive abilities required for the task but instead to an immature association
between the number symbol and its meaning. 相似文献
936.
Harris LT McClure SM van den Bos W Cohen JD Fiske ST 《Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience》2007,7(4):309-316
The medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) reliably activates in social cognition and reward tasks. This study locates distinct areas
for each. Participants made evaluative (positive/negative) or social (person/not a person) judgments of pictured positive
or negative people and objects in a slow event-related design. Activity in an anterior rostral region (arMPFC) was significantly
greater for positive than for negative persons but did not show a valence effect for objects, and this was true regardless
of the judgment task. This suggests that the arMPFC is tuned to social valence. Interestingly, however, no regions of the
MPFC were found to be responsive to social information independently of valence. A region-of-interest analysis of the paraanterior
cingulate cortex (pACC), previously implicated in reward processing, demonstrated sensitivity to the valence of all stimuli,
whether persons or objects, across tasks. Affective evaluation may be a general function of the MPFC, with some regions being
tuned to more specific domains of information (e.g., social) than are others. 相似文献
937.
Although the stigmatization of obesity among children is highly prevalent, its origins and relationship to mass media exposure are largely unknown. Ninety boys and 171 girls aged 10–13 years (mean BMI = 19.84) were asked to rank, in order of liking, 12 figures of peers depicted both with and without various disabilities or obesity, and to rate their attitudes towards the obese child on visual analogue scales. Weekly time spent watching television, watching videogames, and reading magazines on weekdays and weekends was assessed. Total media use, magazine use, and videogame use were significantly correlated with more negative reactions to obese girls and boys. Regression analyses revealed that greater dislike of obese children relative to their non-overweight peers was uniquely predicted by magazine reading time. Thus, media exposure was associated with stigmatizing attitudes towards obese children. Mass media sources may lead children to devalue and stigmatize peers with above-average body weights. 相似文献
938.
Fat talk, the verbal dissatisfaction that women express about their bodies, was studied in a female dyad whereby participants interacted with a female confederate who either self-derogated, self-accepted, or self-aggrandized. A 2 (participant body esteem: high vs. low) ×3 (confederate style of body image presentation) design was used. Results revealed that participants’ public disclosure of their body image varied according to confederate's style. Consistent with a reciprocity effect, participants disclosed the lowest public body image ratings in the self-derogate condition, with moderate ratings in the self-accept condition, and highest ratings in the self-aggrandize condition. Moreover, participants with low compared to high body esteem stated lower public body image. Participants’ judgments of the confederates’ likeability did not vary as a function of the confederate's body presentational style. Findings support the recursive nature of the social psychology of body image such that personal body image dissatisfaction is partially influenced by fat talk social norms. 相似文献
939.
Irmen L 《Journal of psycholinguistic research》2007,36(6):431-456
Two eye-tracking studies assessed effects of grammatical and conceptual gender cues in generic role name processing in German. Participants read passages about a social or occupational group introduced by way of a generic role name (e.g., Soldaten/soldiers, Künstler/artists). Later in the passage the gender of this group was specified by the anaphoric expression diese Männer/these men or diese Frauen/these women. Testing masculine generic role names of male, female or neutral conceptual gender (Exp. 1) showed that a gender mismatch between the role name’s conceptual gender and the anaphor significantly slowed reading immediately before and after the anaphoric noun. A mismatch between the antecedent’s grammatical gender and the anaphor slowed down the reading of the anaphoric noun itself. Testing grammatically gender-unmarked role names (Exp. 2) revealed a general male bias in participants’ understanding, irrespective of grammatical or conceptual gender. The experiments extend previous findings on gender effects to non-referential role names and generic contexts. Theoretical aspects of gender and plural reference as well as gender information in mental models are discussed. 相似文献
940.
The present study integrates findings from three lines of research on the association of social cognition and externalizing
psychopathology, language and externalizing psychopathology, and social cognition and language functioning using Structural
Equation Modeling (SEM). To date these associations have been examined in pairs. A sample of 354 clinic-referred children
(aged 7 to14 years) recruited from a children’s mental health centre were tested on measures of language, social cognition,
working memory, and child psychopathology. We compared a hypothesized model presenting language functioning as a mediator
of the association between social cognition and externalizing psychopathology to a model presenting the independent contribution
of language and social cognition to externalizing psychopathology. As hypothesized, we found that the mediation model fits
the data better than the alternative model. Our findings have implications for developing and modifying intervention techniques
for children with dual language and externalizing psychopathology.
This research was supported by a grant from Health Canada (NHRDP, 6606-4835) to the third author. 相似文献