Measuring Sexism, Racism, Sexual Prejudice, Ageism, Classism, and Religious Intolerance: The Intolerant Schema Measure

Despite similarities between sexism, racism, sexual prejudice, ageism, classism, and religious intolerance, investigators do not routinely investigate these intolerant beliefs simultaneously. The purpose of this project was to create a brief, psychometrically sound measure of intolerance reflecting these 6 constructs. Data from existing measures (Attitudes Toward Women Scale, Neosexism Scale, Modern and Old-Fashioned Racism Scale, Modern Homophobia Scale, Frabroni Scale of Ageism, Economic Beliefs Scale, and M-GRISM) and from items created by the authors were obtained from several college samples to create the Intolerant Schema Measure (ISM). Results support the internal consistency, test–retest reliability, and factor structure of the questionnaire. Expected relationships between measured concepts, social dominance, social desirability, and across key demographic groups support the validity of the instrument.     

西方指导关系的理论概述

指导关系研究是西方组织行为学界近30年来比较关注的话题,然而国内对它的介绍却非常少。作者总结了大量的国外文献,从指导关系的定义、功能、发展阶段和类型四个方面进行了详细的论述。现在西方指导关系的研究已经从理论建构转向了影响指导效果的因素上,结合国内的企业背景,文章最后提出了一些相关的研究建议     

主动性人格的研究现状与展望

近年来,越来越多的研究者与管理者开始关注员工的主动行为,主动行为能够改善组织的效率和提高竞争力。主动行为受到许多因素的影响,其中一个因素即主动性人格。主动性人格是一种稳定的主动行为倾向。许多研究表明：主动性人格与许多行为结果都有密切联系,包括工作绩效、职业生涯成功、领导能力、团队绩效、创业等。今后的研究需要探讨一些问题,如主动性人格与关系绩效、职业生涯成功新标准的关系     

Ⅱ型糖尿病人认知功能特点

综述了近10国内外关于Ⅱ型糖尿病人认知功能特点的研究。结果表明：（1）流行病学筛查因天花板效应难以发现认知损伤。（2）采用对年老化较敏感的行为学指标证实,60~70岁的糖尿病人认知能力显著低于对照组;但60岁以下或70以上病人则少有类似表现。认知阈限理论可解释这一年龄相关现象。（3）Ⅱ型糖尿病人认知功能损伤主要表现为语词记忆损伤、学习能力下降、脑电（P300）潜伏期延长等。（4）认知损伤程度与血糖和胰岛素水平相关,也受高血压等共病因素的影响。控制糖代谢可改善认知功能。糖尿病人的认知损伤与年龄相关,但其机制不同于正常年老化过程中的认知衰退     

Evaluating the predictive validity of a single stimulus engagement preference assessment.

Most preference assessments require individuals to choose among two or more stimuli. More recently, the duration of engagement with items has been used as an index of preference. In the current study, the predictive validity of a single stimulus engagement (SSE) preference assessment was evaluated with 4 individuals. Stimuli were presented singly for a brief period while engagement with that stimulus was recorded. Although SSE preference rankings closely matched paired stimulus preference assessment rankings for only 2 of the 4 participants, relative preference rankings based on duration of engagement predicted relative reinforcer effectiveness for all participants in a subsequent concurrent‐schedule reinforcer assessment. The SSE procedure took less time to administer than the paired stimulus procedure but produced less stable preference rankings across administrations. The SSE procedure may be appropriate for individuals who have difficulty selecting one stimulus from among two or more stimuli, and it may be well suited for evaluating activities that are difficult to present in a paired stimulus format.     

Prime time: Fatigue and set effects in the perception of reversible figures

Subjects viewed unambiguous versions of both stationary and rotating Necker cube illusions for varying durations prior to the presentation of the standard ambiguous figure. In each case, the subjects were more likely to report the ambiguous figure to be (1) in the same configuration as that of the preceding prime following brief preexposure periods and (2) in the opposite configuration from that of the preceding prime following long preexposure-periods. In addition, the number of reversals of the figure during the test period was also strongly related to the duration of the preexposure period, with progressively fewer reversals reported following longer preexposure periods. The results are interpreted as revealing the concurrent roles of “set” effects in the brief preexposure conditions and neural fatigue effects in the long preexposure conditions. Furthermore, the ability of the proposed two-process model to integrate the myriad of empirical effects in the reversible-figure literature is emphasized..     

Supervisory styles index: Examining supervisees' perceptions of Supervisory Style

The goal of this research was to develop an instrument, the Supervisory Styles Index (SSI), that would examine supervisory style. Style has been described as the way in which the personality and convictions of the supervisor are demonstrated in the supervisory relationship (Leighton, 1991). This study focuses on the interplay between supervisory style and the influence of sex and gender. The findings of this study reveal that female supervisees discern their supervisors to be more self-disclosing than do male supervisees. Implications of the findings and utilization of the index are discussed.Portions of this paper were presented at the 52nd annual conference of the American Association for Marriage and Family Therapy, Chicago, Illinois, November, 1994.     

The pretreatment weighting technique

A common procedure that is frequently used in perceptual studies interested in group differences (e.g., young vs. aged) involves initially equating all subjects in a pretreatment condition by differentially weighting the subjects on a particular stimulus dimension. The experimental treatment of interest is then introduced to these equal-baseline groups. The present article questions the general validity of this procedure by focusing on the critical assumption that the pretreatment weighting and the experimental treatment are independent. A research example is included demonstrating that differentially weighting individuals in order to produce equal-baseline performance may, in fact, provide the basis for later performance differences under the experimental treatment.     

Some temporal factors in the successive comparison of auditory amplitudes.

Under certain conditions the discrimination of successively presented auditory amplitudes appears to be primarily a function of the time intervals between stimulus onsets rather than of either the duration of the stimulus or the silent interval between the tones (interstimulus interval). The results of this study are interpreted in terms of a model containing an acquisition process which continues for a set interval (about 600 msec) subsequent to the onset of the stimulus, even if stimulus offset occurs prior to this time. The onset of another stimulus during this period terminates acquisition. The model also includes a memory process which does not start until acquisition is complete.     

The role of the standard in an auditory amplitude discrimination experiment

The role of the standard in a fixed-standard experiment of auditory amplitude discrimination was examined by varying the proportion of trials on which it was presented. The results suggest that the Os may use different perceptual strategies, depending on the availability of the standard. While they did better on trials containing a standard regardless of the proportion of such trials, their accuracy on both “standard-present” and “standard-absent” trials was positively related to the probability of the particular type of trial. These results conflict with the claim of advocates of the roving-standard paradigm that the O in the fixed-standard experiment does not use the standard but, rather, compares the variable with a long-term referent built up over many trials. The introduction of a second pair of tones, making it a random-standard experiment,, produced considerable response bias tied to the stimulus level and to an overall deterioration in performance.