论孔子对原始人性和现实人性的看法

在具体分析孔子人性论的时候,我们应该区分原始人性与现实人性.孔子并没有明确界定原始人性的善恶,但是他认为一小部分人的品性极善、资质很高;另一部分人的品性不好、资质愚钝;此外,绝大部分人属于"中人",这部分人之间的本性差不多,孔子没有作出明确的善恶判断.孔子认为现实人性包含有对名利富贵的欲望,但是名利富贵要通过正当的途径来获得,并且欲望不能过度,纵欲是人性变坏的主要原因.此外,统治者的乱政是导致人性变坏的外部原因.所以他又主张通过礼法来约束欲望.     

"庙产兴学"运动及佛教界的回应

晚清之际，全国掀起了“庙产兴学”运动，特别是在1930年发表《庙产兴学促进会宣言》后，全国各地相继发生驱逐僧尼、没收寺产的重大事件，面对这种运动，佛教界也及时做出了回应，被动地去寻求各种保护，并向政府呐喊、吁请。与此同时，佛教界内部的有识之士也开始积极、主动地对自身的不足与缺陷加以反思，进而大声激呼佛教的改革，最终催发了近代佛教的萌芽。     

Flexible target templates improve visual search accuracy for faces depicting emotion

Theories of visual attention hypothesize that target selection depends upon matching visual inputs to a memory representation of the target – i.e., the target or attentional template. Most theories assume that the template contains a veridical copy of target features, but recent studies suggest that target representations may shift "off veridical" from actual target features to increase target-to-distractor distinctiveness. However, these studies have been limited to simple visual features (e.g., orientation, color), which leaves open the question of whether similar principles apply to complex stimuli, such as a face depicting an emotion, the perception of which is known to be shaped by conceptual knowledge. In three studies, we find confirmatory evidence for the hypothesis that attention modulates the representation of an emotional face to increase target-to-distractor distinctiveness. This occurs over-and-above strong pre-existing conceptual and perceptual biases in the representation of individual faces. The results are consistent with the view that visual search accuracy is determined by the representational distance between the target template in memory and distractor information in the environment, not the veridical target and distractor features.