Rewarding performance feedback alters reported time of action

Past studies have shown that the perceived time of actions is retrospectively influenced by post-action events. The current study examined whether rewarding performance feedback (even when false) altered the reported time of action. In Experiment 1, participants performed a speeded button press task and received monetary reward for a presumed “fast,” or a monetary punishment for a presumed “slow” response. Rewarded trials resulted in the false perception that the response action occurred earlier than punished trials. In Experiments 2 and 3, the need for a speeded response and reward were independently manipulated in order to decouple the cognitive and reward components in the feedback signal. When tested independently, neither variable affected the judged time of action. We conclude that meaningful feedback (fast or slow) is only used when made salient by reward, to modulate the judged time of an action.     

Measuring the interrelations among multiple paradigms of visual attention: an individual differences approach

A large part of the empirical research in the field of visual attention has focused on various concrete paradigms. However, as yet, there has been no clear demonstration of whether or not these paradigms are indeed measuring the same underlying construct. We collected a very large data set (nearly 1.3 million trials) to address this question. We tested 257 participants on nine paradigms: conjunction search, configuration search, counting, tracking, feature access, spatial pattern, response selection, visual short-term memory, and change blindness. A fairly general attention factor was identified. Some of the participants were also tested on eight other paradigms. This general attention factor was found to be correlated with intelligence, visual marking, task switching, mental rotation, and Stroop task. On the other hand, a few paradigms that are very important in the attention literature (attentional capture, consonance-driven orienting, and inhibition of return) were found to be dissociated from this general attention factor.     

大学生性别角色与主观幸福感的关系：自尊的中介作用

以334名大学生为被试,采用问卷法考察大学生性别角色、自尊和主观幸福感的关系。结果发现：（1）大学生性别角色影响主观幸福感,双性化个体的主观幸福感水平最高。（2）自尊是性别角色对大学生主观幸福感影响的中介变量,即性别角色通过自尊对主观幸福感进行影响。因此,为提高大学生的主观幸福感,在教育中应当开展双性化的性别角色教育,同时要提高大学生的自尊水平。     

Repetition priming in visual search: Episodic retrieval,not feature priming

Previous research has shown that when the targets of successive visual searches have features in common, response times are shorter. However, the nature of the representation underlying this priming and how priming is affected by the task remain uncertain. In four experiments, subjects searched for an odd-sized target and reported its orientation. The color of the items was irrelevant to the task. When target size was repeated from the previous trial, repetition of target color speeded the response. However, when target size was different from that in the previous trial, repetition of target color slowed responses, rather than speeding them. Our results suggest that these priming phenomena reflect the same automatic mechanism as the priming of pop-out reported by Maljkovic and Nakayama (1994). However, the crossover interaction between repetition of one feature and another rules out Maljkovic and Nakayama's (1994) theory of independent potentiation of distinct feature representations. Instead, we suggest that the priming pattern results from contact with an episodic memory representation of the previous trial.     

Contextual cuing based on spatial arrangement of color

Previous studies have demonstrated that, in visual search, repetition of a target's "context" significantly improves search performance (contextual cuing; Chun & Jiang, 1998). Context in those studies was defined as either spatial configuration or featural combination. In the present work, we demonstrate that repeating the spatial arrangement of object colors (conjunction of spatial configuration and featural combination) also leads to contextual cuing (Experiment 1). Experiments 2 and 3 rule out the possibility that the contextual cuing we find in Experiment 1 is caused only by the spatial configuration of color patches. Experiment 4 rules out the possibility that it is caused only by featural combination. Experiments 5 and 6 demonstrate that color-arrangement-based contextual cuing is an unconscious process. Experiments 7 and 8 demonstrate that contextual cuing seems to be more effective onchromatic (hue) variation than on achromatic (luminance) variation. In sum, our results demonstrate that contextual cuing is not merely associated learning in separate domains; it is a more integrated process than has perhaps been appreciated.     

论疾病的诱因

疾病诱因是医学实践中的一个重要现象,对疾病的预防、诊断、治疗和医学科研有显著意义。由于种种原因,对疾病诱因一直缺乏深入研究。本文提出并探讨了以下问题：研究疾病诱因的意义;疾病诱因的本质属性;疾病诱因与病因、危险因素的关系：“诱发”和“疾病危险因素”两概念辨析;疾病诱因的不同类型;疾病诱因发生作用的一般机制和医学实践中处理诱因的一般对策。     

汉语语句句式表征及命题表征能力的年龄比较

通过三个年龄段的被试对同命题不同句式汉语语句再认的比较,以再认比率和再认反应时为指标,探讨了句子在记忆中的表征问题。研究结果表明：（１）命题表征是一种原始倾向,既不同于记忆准确性的年龄发展,它在性质上又区别于记忆误差。把句式表征与命题表征分化开是后天发展的结果;（２）命题表征的建立和巩固需要时间,但一经建立,巩固性较强。相反,句式表征的巩固性较差。     

西方传教士与十九世纪福州的茶叶贸易

福州成为近代五口通商口岸之一是与西方列强对茶叶的大量需求以及要急于展开对福建的茶叶贸易分不开的。在福州开埠前后,基督教传教士发挥了重要的作用。随着福州茶市的日益兴盛,传教士与茶叶贸易间的关系愈来愈密切,触角从单纯传播福音开始延伸至与茶叶相关的经济活动,其身份也出现了微妙的变化。本文拟对西方传教士与福州茶港开埠以及与茶叶贸易及商务的相互关系与影响等作一探讨,以期引起学术界对传教士与中国近代经济活动关系问题研究的重视。     

国外工作倦怠观的理论探索

目前对工作倦怠的研究主要从社会——文化——历史、生态学、精神分析、行为主义、存在主义等视角来展开的,它们虽各有侧重,但概括来说,这些研究都把重心放在倦息发生的原因、各种症状及其过程的研究上,而对其发生的内在的生理、心理机制涉及甚少,在未来的研究中,应逐步加强这方面的探索。     

条件性味觉厌恶分化后臂旁核c-fos表达的变

以口内注入糖精或蔗糖溶液为条件刺激,腹腔内注射LiCl为非条件刺激,在大鼠形成条件性味觉厌恶后进行分化训练,观察味质和嗜好性对臂旁核各亚核c-fos表达的影响及其交互作用。结果表明：味质和嗜好性对背侧外侧亚核(dls)和腹侧外侧亚核(vls)的c-fos表达无影响;在内侧外侧亚核(ils)和外部内侧亚核(ems),蔗糖诱导的c-fos表达高于糖精,但在外部外侧亚核(els),糖精诱导的表达高于蔗糖;嗜好性刺激引起ils、中央外侧亚核(cls)和cms内c-fos高表达,厌恶性刺激引起ems和els内的高表达。在ils和cms嗜好性与味质的影响各自独立,在els和ems内嗜好性与味质的影响存在交互作用。提示PBN内存在味质辨别和报酬评价的代表区,两种代表区有交迭,ems和els对味质信息和报酬信息的整合有重要作用