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141.
Studies of deception detection traditionally have focused on verbal communication. Nevertheless, people commonly deceive others through nonverbal cues. Previous research has shown that intentions can be inferred from the ways in which people move their bodies. Furthermore, motor expertise within a given domain has been shown to increase visual sensitivity to other people’s movements within that domain. Does expertise also enhance deception detection from bodily movement? In two psychophysical studies, experienced basketball players and novices attempted to distinguish deceptive intentions (fake passes) and veridical intentions (true passes) from an observed individual’s actions. Whereas experts and novices performed similarly with postural cues, only experts could detect deception from kinematics alone. These results demonstrate a link between action expertise and the detection of nonverbal deception. 相似文献
142.
Fairhurst MC Linnell T Glénat S Guest RM Heutte L Paquet T 《Behavior research methods》2008,40(1):290-303
Writing and drawing tests are widely used in the clinical environment for the diagnosis of a variety of neuropsychological conditions. Conventional assessment of these tests involves the inspection by trained assessors of the completed patient response. This article describes the development of a computer-based framework for data capture, automated feature analysis, and result reporting for a range of drawing- and writing-based test batteries. In developing this framework, we have exploited the commonality between tasks while allowing for both flexibility in configuration across condition-specific testing requirements and extensibility for future test development. Using the two example clinical conditions of visuospatial neglect and dyspraxia, we illustrate the advantages of utilizing a computer-based analysis system, describe a structured approach to system implementation, and demonstrate the generality of this implementation for different conditions of interest, which extends to feature selection and design. 相似文献
143.
Maggie Robson 《British Journal of Guidance & Counselling》2008,36(1):71-80
This paper describes the therapeutic journey of Leigh (not his real name), a nine-year-old boy who was referred for play therapy due to the death of his 15-year-old brother. The play therapy was offered through a joint project called 'Playing through Loss' and run jointly between a UK university and the local branch of a national bereavement organisation. The project was set up to offer play therapy to bereaved children in the local area. Leigh had eight sessions of therapy and this paper describes the major themes of his play and makes some preliminary explorations of the meaning the play may have had for him. Interestingly some of his play focused on a computer game called 'Zelda' and an exploration of the powerfulness of this as a therapeutic tool is also explored. The therapist's theoretic orientation is described along with her perceived role as 'loyal companion'. Finally, the process by which Leigh worked with his loss is discussed. 相似文献
144.
Testing for carrier status for various genetic conditions often takes place during adolescence or young adulthood. This paper
aims to add to the discussion of when is the best time to test through an examination of how the law on medical treatment
of children appears to be used in practice and how a careful examination of legal rulings might shed light upon best practice
in this area. Our focus is on the Gillick ruling (Gillick v West Norfolk and Wisbech Area Health Authority 1986), which dealt
with consent and confidentiality with respect to the provision of contraceptive advice to under 16-year-olds, but which has
become a general benchmark for consent to medical treatment within UK law. In addition, we draw upon data from a qualitative
research study which indicates potential problems with certain practices in respect of the influence of the Gillick ruling
on carrier testing procedures. We present evidence that in at least some instances, adolescents have reduced capacity to grasp
fully the implications of carrier test results. In the light of our findings we make recommendations for practice concerning
the testing of children and young persons. 相似文献
145.
This paper aims to extend understanding of student counsellors’ perceptions of participation in personal development (PD) groups during training. PD participants were invited to record their experiences in relation to these groups over a three month period. The accounts were then subjected to thematic analysis. Safety was found to be a dominant theme–both in the sense of how the group felt safe for them and also how the safety was threatened. These concepts are discussed and lessons the data has offered in terms of good practice in facilitating PD groups during counsellor training programmes are elucidated. 相似文献
146.
Eric Rassin Peter Muris Ingmar Franken Maartje Smit Maggie Wong 《Journal of psychopathology and behavioral assessment》2007,29(1):60-67
Although indecisiveness seems to be a widespread problem, little empirical research has addressed its measurement. Frost and
Shows (1993; Behaviour Research and Therapy, 31, 683–692) introduced the Indecisiveness Scale (IS) as a measure of individual differences in general indecisiveness. Although
these authors conducted various psychometric analyses, some properties (e.g., factor structure, test-retest reliability) were
not investigated. In the present studies, several reliability and validity indices were computed. First, four of the fifteen
items of the IS were found to be omissible. Second, 4-week test-retest reliability was found to be satisfactory. Third, scores
on the IS were found to correlate meaningfully with a concurrent measure of decision making, and with various scales of psychopathology.
Lastly, in Study 4, the IS was found to predict scores on a behavioural measure of decision making, suggesting good predictive
validity. Overall, these findings suggest that the IS has good psychometric properties. 相似文献
147.
Fitts's law is one of the most well-established principles in psychology. It captures the relation between speed and accuracy in performed and imagined movements. The aim of this study was to determine whether this law also holds during the perception of other people's actions. Subjects were shown apparent motion displays of a person moving his arm between two identical targets. Target width, the separation between targets, and movement speed were varied. Subjects reported whether the person could move at the perceived speed without missing the targets. The movement times reported as being just possible were exactly those predicted by Fitts's law (r(2)= .96). A subsequent experiment demonstrated the same lawful relation for the perception of a robot arm (r(2)= .93). To our knowledge, this makes Fitts's law the first motor principle that holds in imagery and the perception of biological and non-biological agents. 相似文献
148.
In visual search, distractors that fall between fixation and the target are more disruptive than distractors that fall at the same eccentricity as the target (Wolfe, O'Neill, & Bennett, 1998). This sensitivity to the relative eccentricity of target and distractor elements originates from a space-based bias favoring stimuli closer to the fovea. We show that this spatial bias can be overruled by cuing attention to a ring-shaped object. We rule out various space-based explanations of these findings, including (1) attention to fronto-parallel planes in depth and (2) serial attention to different portions of a ring. We suggest that attentional selection of a ring-shaped object operates independently of, and can overrule, spatial biases in selection. 相似文献
149.
Jacobs A Pinto J Shiffrar M 《Journal of experimental psychology. Human perception and performance》2004,30(5):822-835
Why are human observers particularly sensitive to human movement? Seven experiments examined the roles of visual experience and motor processes in human movement perception by comparing visual sensitivities to point-light displays of familiar, unusual, and impossible gaits across gait-speed and identity discrimination tasks. In both tasks, visual sensitivity to physically possible gaits was superior to visual sensitivity to physically impossible gaits, supporting perception-action coupling theories of human movement perception. Visual experience influenced walker-identity perception but not gait-speed discrimination. Thus, both motor experience and visual experience define visual sensitivity to human movement. An ecological perspective can be used to define the conditions necessary for experience-dependent sensitivity to human movement. 相似文献
150.
The Need for Closure is an individual characteristic which may help explain individual differences in engagement in leisure activities. Both a leisure engagement inventory and a validated Dutch version of the Need for Closure Scale were administered to a convenient sample of 1,035 young adults ages 15 to 24 years of whom 552 were female. Leisure engagement was hypothesized to differ for groups differing in Need for Closure. More specifically, youngsters who score high (versus low) on Need for Closure engaged more in structured, cognitively effortless, and predictable leisure activities like shopping for fun and going to the cinema, while young adults scoring low (versus high) on Need for Closure more often participated in unstructured, unpredictable, cognitively effortful or challenging leisure activities like going to a party, a pub, or a pop concert, idly lazing away, visiting or hosting friends, attending an evening class and playing computer games. 相似文献