社会判断偏差的分化研究：人物因素的影响

实验采用投射的方法,利用图片和问题材料,考察了128名本科生对物、事、人的社会判断偏差的分化现象。实验结果表明：1）社会判断内在的宽大效应存在局限性,它是有条件限制的,受到所介入的人物因素的影响而出现分化现象;2）对物与事的评价中,突出了对性别判断标准的差异;3）在社会人的对比中,容貌、性别、背景在对同一事件的判断中发挥着重要作用,使社会判断出现偏差分化。     

The antinomy of science and democracy in modern China

Up to now Chinese academia has been addicted to inviting the twin goddesses of democracy and science, but has regrettably ignored the innate incongruity between them, which has led to the rise of scientism. May 4th pioneers first introduced this value system, but tension between these values subsequently led to a prevailing preference for science over freedom. The early Marxists defined freedom as obedience to social laws formulated in Marxist ‘science’, while Maoism finalized the Sinicization of Marxism with a belief in iron‐bound social laws and in human beings as mere political means, mercilessly suppressing any expression of free will.     

Bayesian Extended Redundancy Analysis: A Bayesian Approach to Component-based Regression with Dimension Reduction

Abstract

Extended redundancy analysis (ERA) combines linear regression with dimension reduction to explore the directional relationships between multiple sets of predictors and outcome variables in a parsimonious manner. It aims to extract a component from each set of predictors in such a way that it accounts for the maximum variance of outcome variables. In this article, we extend ERA into the Bayesian framework, called Bayesian ERA (BERA). The advantages of BERA are threefold. First, BERA enables to make statistical inferences based on samples drawn from the joint posterior distribution of parameters obtained from a Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithm. As such, it does not necessitate any resampling method, which is on the other hand required for (frequentist’s) ordinary ERA to test the statistical significance of parameter estimates. Second, it formally incorporates relevant information obtained from previous research into analyses by specifying informative power prior distributions. Third, BERA handles missing data by implementing multiple imputation using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm, avoiding the potential bias of parameter estimates due to missing data. We assess the performance of BERA through simulation studies and apply BERA to real data regarding academic achievement.     

论当代西方宪政理论的基本架构

随着西方社会全面进入福利国家时代,宪政理论在人权的扩张和权力制衡的理念方面获得了新的表述。当代西方宪政理论主张通过保障平等的自由来实现利益的公正分配,通过公正的程序机制实现形式法治和实质法治的统一,通过司法审查实现宪政的平衡价值,通过人权法律的全球化实现人权的一体化和全球化保护。     

Attempted suicide among young rural women in the People's Republic of China: possibilities for prevention

This article reports on a sample of 147 women under age 35 living in rural areas in China who had attempted suicide and were treated in the emergency room of hospitals in four different locations. The interview instrument took 2 to 3 hours to complete and included audiotaped in-depth interviews with the patient and family members (separately); detailed evaluation of the circumstances surrounding the attempt, life events, and the family environment; and a formal psychiatric evaluation by an attending-level psychiatrist. Overwhelmingly, the method used by the attempters was poisoning with highly lethal pesticides and organic fertilizers. The women's suicidal behavior was characterized by high levels of impulsivity; little effort to seclude themselves before and after ingesting poison; and low rates of mental illness, including depression. Detailed suggestions are made about ways to implement suicide prevention strategies within the particular social and economic context of China.     

航空安全文化评估新进展

安全文化作为组织文化的重要组成部分,是影响组织成员安全态度和行为的核心价值体系,通过个体变量对组织安全保健和安全绩效产生深远的影响。在安全态度与价值观层面上利用问卷调查的形式探讨航空安全文化的结构成份,不仅揭示了安全文化现象背后的基本隐形内涵,同时也有助于我们理解特定文化因素在现代航空安全管理中的重要作用。该文阐述了安全文化与航空安全管理的关系问题,介绍了不同航空组织内安全文化的作用及评估机制,并进一步指出了目前研究中存在的不足和对未来研究的展望。     

242例吸毒女性自尊及背景资料的调查与分析

运用自尊量表和背景资料调查问卷对甘肃省两大戒毒所242例吸毒女性进行测查,结果表明：（1）年龄、婚姻状况、文化程度、经济收入水平等因素与吸毒女性自尊评分无显著相关;（2）回归分析显示,人际关系因子对吸毒女性自尊评分有显著影响,认知、行为因子对其自尊评分的影响没有达到显著性水平;（3）文化程度不高,无固定的经济收入,失恋或离婚等因素是吸毒或吸毒成瘾的重要关联因素。     

初中生元认知阅读策略训练效应的实验研究

采用对比实验的方法,运用自编的元认知阅读策略训练教程对重点中学和普通中学的初二学生进行了训练。结果表明:(1)对初中生进行元认知阅读策略训练能有效地提高其阅读理解成绩;(2)对普通中学初中生进行元认知阅读策略训练的效果优于对重点中学初中生进行训练的效果。     

教师职业价值观——学校管理者进行有效管理的突破口

教师职业价值观是教师对其所从事的教师职业的一种评价,他反映着教师的需要,并直接影响着教师对工作的态度,因此教师职业价值观可以作为学校管理者进行有效管理的一个突破口,认清教师的职业价值观并了解个体差异,通过对教师职业价值观的关注和调动达到有效调动教师的工作积极性。     

大学生对艾滋病的乐观偏差

研究采用问卷法,以北京6所高校的278名被试为样本,考察了大学生对艾滋病的乐观偏差。结果表明,被试对艾滋病的感染和治愈存在着双重乐观偏差;艾滋病知识掌握程度既与感染艾滋病的乐观偏差无显著相关,也与治愈艾滋病的乐观偏差无显著相关。