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191.
从汉字识别看视觉信息检测的整体优先性 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
本实验以汉字组成的复合汉字为材料研究了不同视角下辨别整体结构和辨别局部特性的反应时差异。实验发现,在正常情况下对整体的辨别反应时要显著低于对局部进行辨别的反应时,并且对象的不同大小对这种差异没有显著影响。这一结果表明整体和局部的“相对大小”不是造成反应时差异的主要原因,提示视觉信息检测是一个从大范围的整体到局部的过程,即存在整体优先性。实验还发现在作为局部的汉字和构成整体的复合字相同时,无论注意对象是局部还是整体,反应时均较不同时为小,这一结果表明整体和局部的作用是双向的。 相似文献
192.
本实验研究通过把汉字拆为其有机的组成成分,最少2个最多5个,在各成分顺序排列或随机排列两种条件下呈现给被试,要他们组合出原来汉字的方法对表象操作的容量和策略进行了初步的探讨。实验结果表明表象操作的容量是相当有限的,执行最优加工的容量为2—3个,上限约为4—5个。加工容量随操作复杂程度的高低可略有变化。结果还表明在本实验条件下系统对表象各成分的操作采取的是并行的同时加工,这种并行加工能大大提高表象加工的效率。 相似文献
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Jiři Marek 《Studies in East European Thought》1983,26(2):143-150
Marx extrapolated the relations of production of the factories of his time into his predictions about the development of the working class. These predictions are among the most important theses of Marxism-Leninism relative to the socialist world-revolution which the working class was to carry out. The physics of Marx' era was not very developed. Marx could have no inkling of the future development of physics and of its application to technology. This is why his predictions had to be in simple and direct proportion to the development of the relations of production of the time. Industry developed — thanks in part to the development of physics — in ways other than Marx had suspected. The use of modern physics, leading to cybernetics and automation, gradually changed the workers from forces of production to supervisory engineers. Were one to undertake today an extrapolation like that which Marx carried out, one would have to see as highly probable the disappearance of the very working class that Marx saw as carrying out the world-revolution. 相似文献
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每个被试对互补的联合方位的图形适应后均产生单眼特定和双眼特定的McCollough效应。双眼的起始强度大于单眼的起始强度。单眼和双眼的McCollough效应的消退速度基本相同。在自然视觉条件下McCollough效应消退快,在完全黑暗的条件下没有明显的消退。说明导致McCollough效应恢复平衡的主要因素不是自发的过程,而与网膜刺激有关。倾斜知觉后效的消退在上述两种实验条件下没有明显的差别,因此可推测倾斜知觉后效的消退主要是神经疲劳的一个自发的恢复过程。 相似文献
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Prior work suggests that follower and leader risk orientation is positively associated with follower creativity. We suggest that this view is oversimplified and propose that follower creativity can be stimulated when leader and follower have diverging risk orientations. We, therefore, apply a configurational approach to creativity, evaluating varying combinations of leader and follower risk orientation on follower creativity. Across two field studies, we demonstrate that (a) follower creativity increases as leaders’ and followers’ risk orientations become more discrepant (i.e., incongruent); (b) follower creativity is higher when leader–follower dyads are congruent at moderate levels of risk orientation compared to congruence at the extremes (i.e., low and high levels); (c) follower‐experienced intellectual stimulation mediates the relationship between leader–follower risk orientation incongruence and congruence and follower creativity; and (d) that leader authority openness moderates the indirect effect of leader–follower risk orientation incongruence on creativity via follower‐experienced intellectual stimulation. Theoretical and practical implications specific to creativity and leader–follower relationships are discussed. 相似文献
200.
In most item response theory applications, model parameters need to be first calibrated from sample data. Latent variable (LV) scores calculated using estimated parameters are thus subject to sampling error inherited from the calibration stage. In this article, we propose a resampling-based method, namely bootstrap calibration (BC), to reduce the impact of the carryover sampling error on the interval estimates of LV scores. BC modifies the quantile of the plug-in posterior, i.e., the posterior distribution of the LV evaluated at the estimated model parameters, to better match the corresponding quantile of the true posterior, i.e., the posterior distribution evaluated at the true model parameters, over repeated sampling of calibration data. Furthermore, to achieve better coverage of the fixed true LV score, we explore the use of BC in conjunction with Jeffreys’ prior. We investigate the finite-sample performance of BC via Monte Carlo simulations and apply it to two empirical data examples. 相似文献