罪犯改造成效评估量表的建构

本研究运用因素分析法,尝试建构我国监狱中罪犯改造成效评估量走。该量表分Ａ版（干警评定量表）与Ｂ版（服刑人员他评量表）。结果表明,该量表具有较高的信度、效度,所得的改造成效评估三因素结构合理,内容清晰     

中文双音节词视觉识别与短时记忆保持量

两个实验探讨了汉语双音节词的使用度、笔画复杂性与发音长短对短时记忆保持量的影响。结果表明发音长度显著不同的词在记忆保持量上无显著差别;使用度和笔画复杂性对短时记忆保持量有显著影响;笔画复杂性不同的词识别时间与其记忆保持量有显著负相关。最后讨论了笔画复杂性的短时记忆量与词的识别阶段的可能关系。     

不同色光照明后相同白光色貌的色位移—相继颜色对比

本实验采用双眼匹配法,测试了人眼经受不同色光照明后颜色视觉的变化。测量了它们的色位移并表示在国际照明学会(CIE)1931年色度图上。实验发现,与适应色类同的色光会引起相同的白光色貌。此外还表明,对色光适应的人眼会把白光看成该适应色的补色。这些结果为我们进一步理解视觉过程提供线索。     

Different Effects of Cognitive Shifting and Intelligence on Creativity

The relationship between creativity and executive control has long been controversial. Some researchers view creative thinking as a defocused process with little executive control involvement, whereas others claim that executive control plays a vital role in creative thinking. In this study, we focused on one subcomponent of executive control, cognitive shifting, and examined its relationship with creativity by using latent variable analysis and structural equation modeling. We also analyzed whether this relation was mediated by intelligence. The results showed that: (a) cognitive shifting ability had a positive relationship with creativity, but only on the quantitative aspects (fluency and flexibility); (b) Intelligence had a positive relationship with both quantitative and qualitative aspects (originality) of creativity, and its effect on qualitative aspect was stronger than that on the quantitative aspect; (c) There was a mediating effect of intelligence on the relationship between creativity cognitive and shifting.     

Bimanual Lifting: Do Fingertip Forces Work Independently or Interactively?

Bimanual coordination is a commonplace activity, but the consequences of using both hands simultaneously are not well understood. The authors examined fingertip forces across 4 experiments in which participants undertook a range of bimanual tasks. They first measured fingertip forces during simultaneous lifts of 2 identical objects, noting that individuals held the objects with more force bimanually than unimanually. They then varied the mass of the objects held by each hand, noting that when both hands lifted together performance was equivalent to unimanual lifts. The authors next measured one hand's static grip force while the other hand lifted an object. They found a gradual reduction of grip force throughout the trial, but once again no evidence of one hand influencing the other. In the final experiment the authors tested whether tapping with one hand could influence the static grip force of its counterpart. Although the authors found no changes in static grip force as a direct consequence of the other hand's actions, they found clear differences from one task to the other, suggesting an effect of task instruction. Overall, these results suggest that fingertip forces are largely independent between hands in a bimanual lifting context, but are sensitive to different task requirements.     

Transitions in sleep problems from late adolescence to young adulthood: A longitudinal analysis of the effects of peer victimization

Adolescence is a developmental period with high vulnerability to sleep problems. However, research identifying distinct patterns and underlying determinants of sleep problems is scarce. This study investigated discrete subgroups of, changes in, and stability of sleep problems. We also examined whether peer victimization influenced sleep problem subgroups and transitions in patterns of sleep problems from late adolescence to young adulthood. Sex differences in the effects of peer victimization were also explored. In total, 1,455 male and 1,399 female adolescents from northern Taiwan participated in this longitudinal study. Latent transition analysis was used to examine changes in patterns of sleep problems and the effects of peer victimization on these changes. We identified three subgroups of sleep problems in males and two in females, and found that there was a certain level of instability in patterns of sleep problems during the study period. For both sexes, those with greater increases in peer victimization over time were more likely to change from being a good sleeper to a poor sleeper. The effects of peer victimization on baseline status of sleep problems, however, was only significant for males, with those exposed to higher levels of peer victimization more likely to be poor sleepers at baseline. Our findings reveal an important role of peer victimization in predicting transitions in patterns of sleep problems. Intervention programs aimed at decreasing peer victimization may help reduce the development and escalation of sleep problems among adolescents, especially in males.

     

学习困难青少年认知控制特点研究

本研究基于双重认知控制理论,通过比较学困组和对照组在持续性操作任务上的表现来探究学习困难青少年的认知控制特点。结果发现：（1）在反应性控制的指标上,学困组和对照组的反应时和正确率不存在显著差异,但学困组对探测刺激的辨别力指数更低,显示学困组的反应性控制能力存在一定不足;（2）在主动性控制的指标上,学困组的反应时更长、正确率更低,且对线索刺激的辨别力指数更低,显示学困组在对线索刺激保持的各项指标上都比对照组更差,说明学困组在主动性控制上的缺陷更为明显。     

基于印象管理量表的反应模式筛查故意作假者

社会称许性反应由两个成分组成:自我欺骗(无意识地夸大反应)和印象管理(有意识地歪曲作答)。采用实验研究范式和Mixed Rasch Model,探讨二者在BIDR印象管理量表上的得分及作答模式差异。结果发现,当发生印象管理时,量表分数高于仅发生自我欺骗时的分数,且被试倾向选择极端反应。进而采用logistic回归对量表分数划定分界线,将高于分数线的被试认定为故意作假者,低于分界线的被试认定为仅发生了自我欺骗,没有故意作假。     

注意分心对定义一体化编码的影响

通过考察编码阶段注意分心对定义一体化条件下联结记忆成绩的影响,探究定义一体化编码对注意资源的依赖程度。使用注意分心范式,在记忆编码过程操作无分心、奇偶分心和大小分心条件,比较不同注意条件下的联结记忆成绩。结果发现:与无分心条件相比,定义一体化下的联结记忆成绩在两种分心条件下没有显著变化,而造句下的联结记忆成绩在两种分心条件下显著降低。当前发现表明了定义一体化编码较少依赖于注意资源,这深化了对定义一体化编码机制的认识。     

Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Group CBT for Parents of ADHD Children

Improvements in parenting skills do not necessarily lead to improvements in child and parent outcomes for children with attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Cognitive factors such as parental cognitions and parenting self-efficacy may influence such outcomes. Clinical research on the effects of cognitive-behaviour therapy (CBT) on parental cognitions, parenting self-efficacy and mental health in Chinese parents of children with ADHD is lacking. This quasi-experimental study intended to assess the effects of a culturally attuned group CBT treatment on the mental health and quality of life of Chinese parents aged 26–58 years, with children with ADHD in Hong Kong. Participants in the experimental group received group CBT and standard treatment and their counterparts in the control group received standard treatment. Primary outcome variables of mental health and quality of life and process variables including parenting stress, parenting efficacy and dysfunctional attitudes were measured at baseline, post-treatment and 3-month follow-up. Data were analysed using 2?×?3 ANCOVAs, Cohen’s d statistics and multiple mediation analyses. Group by time interactions were found for most outcome variables. Effect size statistics indicated that group CBT had small to moderate effects on most outcome variables at post-treatment and follow-up assessments. The effect of CBT on mental health was mediated by the reduction in parenting stress and the effect of CBT on quality of life was mediated by the reductions in parenting stress and dysfunctional attitudes. Given its potential benefit, it is worth considering incorporating this group CBT programme into interventions for Chinese parents with ADHD children.