From Pink Frilly Dresses to ‘One of the Boys’: A Social‐Cognitive Analysis of Gender Identity Development and Gender Bias

In middle childhood, many girls go through a curious metamorphosis, in which their earlier embrace of all‐things‐feminine appears to transform into an identity as a tomboy. We believe this striking shift, observed in girls but not boys, signifies a critical development in children’s socio‐cognitive functioning, with implications for their understanding of gender as it relates to their identity and their social relationships. In this article, we review the evidence for this identity shift and present a theoretical account that integrates ideas from social cognition and social development. We argue that this identity shift involves the emergence of public regard and status awareness, with concurrent increases in the complexity with which knowledge associated with gender categories is represented in the mind. We then posit that these changes have important implications for the developmental trajectory of implicit and explicit gender attitudes and stereotypes, and we present a set of predictions generated by our theoretical analysis.     

Consciousness of Social Face: the development and validation of a scale measuring desire to gain face versus fear of losing face

This article describes the development and validation of a scale that measures two distinct needs for individuals to manage their social "face". Scale development process resulted in an 11-item Consciousness of Social Face (CSF) scale made up of the following two correlated dimensions: desire to gain face and fear of losing face. The two-factor correlated structure of CSF scale was stable across multiple samples of both students and non-students subjects. The construct validity of CSF scale, including convergent validity, discriminant validity, and criterion-related validity was also demonstrated by examining relationships with other personality or demographical variables.     

Automatic and controlled cognitive responses to intergroup threat as assessed using the process dissociation procedure: a study of a low-status group from China

Xiang, L. & Zhao, Y. (2012). Automatic and controlled cognitive responses to intergroup threat as assessed using the process dissociation procedure: A study of a low-status group from China. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 53, 280-285. Explicit and implicit methods are typically employed to investigate the respective controlled and automatic cognitive responses to intergroup threat. However, these may not be "process pure" measures of automatic or controlled responses. The present study used the process dissociation procedure to investigate the relative contributions of automatic and controlled cognitive responses to intergroup threat. Following exposure to a threat/no threat manipulation, fifty Chinese rural undergraduates who were regarded as low-status group members completed a recognition memory task, in which they were asked to identify all or select "old" (previously presented) trait words relating to an urban outgroup. The results showed that compared to the non-threat group, when rural members perceived threat from an urban group, their automatic response was a decrease in favoritism for this outgroup, but was not derogative, whereas the controlled response was neither positive nor negative. These findings are inconsistent with previous research using explicit and implicit methods. The reasons for this discrepancy are discussed.     

分离水平和空间位置对三维物体识别的影响

物体识别的两大理论一直存在争议。以物体为中心理论认为不管物体出现在什么位置,识别均与空间位置无关,而以观察者为中心理论认为识别与空间位置有关。研究参照物体识别的“小几何体”思想自制实验材料,采用启动范式下的分类任务,通过操纵物体自身的结构信息和相对的结构信息,考察了三维物体识别的影响机制。结果发现：（1）物体自身组成部分之间的分离水平和物体之间的相对空间位置对物体识别的影响均呈层级式。支持以观察者为中心理论的整体表征观;（2）不分离水平和相同位置上,整体启动快于部分启动;全分离水平和远距离位置上,部分启动快于整体启动。支持以物体为中心理论的小几何体优先加工观。实现两大理论的融合需要进一步厘清“What + Where”两通路联合表征的二级子层级。     

心理健康素质测评系统·中国成年人一般自我概念量表的编制

旨在编制适合中国成年人的一般自我概念测量工具。通过理论分析,建构了一般自我概念的四个维度,包括积极性、清晰性、悦纳性和调节性,并据此编制了中国成年人一般自我概念量表。分别选取北京地区450名和400名大学生进行预试和正式测试：验证性因素分析表明,建构的一般自我概念四维测量模型结构合理,拟合良好;项目及信效度分析表明,量表各项目区分度良好,信、效度符合心理测量学要求。因此,该量表可作为成年人一般自我概念和自我心理健康素质的测量工具。     

清醒状态血氧正常的慢性阻塞性肺疾病夜间血氧分析

观察清醒状态血氧饱和度大于90％的慢性阻塞性肺疾病(chronic obstructive pulmonary disease,COPD)患者夜间血氧饱和度下降情况.选择COPD患者42例,采用多导睡眠图监测.结果显示COPD患者夜间睡眠状态最低血氧饱和度(lowest oxygen saturation,LSaO2)、平均血氧饱和度(mean oxygen saturation,MSaO2)较清醒状态血氧饱和度(daytime oxygen saturation,SaO2)明显下降(P＜0.05),出现夜间低氧血症.重度肺功能损害的COPD患者夜间血氧降低明显高于轻、中度肺功能损害者(P＜0.05).提示清醒状态血氧饱和度大于90％的COPD患者夜间睡眠容易发生低氧血症;COPD病情严重程度与低氧血症程度存在一定联系.     

健康城市建设中环境因素对健康的影响与分析

城市化进程加快导致环境对健康的影响日益突出.针对生活环境质量问题,应尽快出台环境与健康管理法规及条例,强化对生态环境保护的政策支持.通过开展健康城市建设项目,倡导环境保护,有效控制环境污染,坚持生态立市,加强环境质量监督管理及污染防治,提升人类生活质量和促进社会全面发展.     

布朗芬布伦纳从襁褓走向成熟的人类发展观

布朗芬布伦纳的思想在人类发展理论中占有着举足轻重的地位,这个一直处于演进之中的理论实现了人类发展观从静到动的转变,开创性的提出了一个全新的视角与理论框架.文章沿着历史的轨迹,完整记述了布朗芬布伦纳思想的起源与演进,重点关注了生态学视角中全新的人与环境关系、发展中人的概念和环境的概念,以及生物生态学模型中过程、人、环境、时间概念和相关应用中存在的问题.     

企业网络的治理机制研究——基于非正式制度的视角

企业网络的治理机制是保证网络间企业有序运作的前提。和科层组织的治理机制不同,企业网络的治理主要是靠非正式机制,即所谓的网络机制。本文从关系性嵌入、专用性投资以及联合制裁三个方面对此问题进行了阐释。本文的结论是,企业网络中特有的治理机制是导致企业网络竞争优势的一个重要原因。