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301.
Dakota R. B. Lindsey Claus Bundesen Søren Kyllingsbæk Anders Petersen Gordon D. Logan 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2017,79(1):117-137
In the partial-report task, subjects are asked to report only a portion of the items presented. Selective attention chooses which objects to represent in short-term memory (STM) on the basis of their relevance. Because STM is limited in capacity, one must sometimes choose which objects are removed from memory in light of new relevant information. We tested the hypothesis that the choices among newly presented information and old information in STM involve the same process—that both are acts of selective attention. We tested this hypothesis using a two-display partial-report procedure. In this procedure, subjects had to select and retain relevant letters (targets) from two sequentially presented displays. If selection in perception and retention in STM are the same process, then irrelevant letters (distractors) in the second display, which demanded attention because of their similarity to the targets, should have decreased target report from the first display. This effect was not obtained in any of four experiments. Thus, choosing objects to keep in STM is not the same process as choosing new objects to bring into STM. 相似文献
302.
J. Farley Norman Olivia C. Adkins Catherine J. Dowell Stevie C. Hoyng Lindsey M. Shain Lauren E. Pedersen Jonathan D. Kinnard Alexia J. Higginbotham Ashley N. Gilliam 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》2017,79(8):2467-2477
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the ability of younger and older adults to recognize 3-D object shape from patterns of optical motion. In Experiment 1, participants were required to identify dotted surfaces that rotated in depth (i.e., surface structure portrayed using the kinetic depth effect). The task difficulty was manipulated by limiting the surface point lifetimes within the stimulus apparent motion sequences. In Experiment 2, the participants identified solid, naturally shaped objects (replicas of bell peppers, Capsicum annuum) that were defined by occlusion boundary contours, patterns of specular highlights, or combined optical patterns containing both boundary contours and specular highlights. Significant and adverse effects of increased age were found in both experiments. Despite the fact that previous research has found that increases in age do not reduce solid shape discrimination, our current results indicated that the same conclusion does not hold for shape identification. We demonstrated that aging results in a reduction in the ability to visually recognize 3-D shape independent of how the 3-D structure is defined (motions of isolated points, deformations of smooth optical fields containing specular highlights, etc.). 相似文献
303.
Behavioral flexibility is considered by some to be one of the hallmarks of advanced cognitive ability. One measure of behavioral
flexibility is how subjects respond to novel objects. Despite growing interest in comparative cognition, no comparative research
on neophilia in wild primates has been conducted. Here, we compare responses to novel objects in wild chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) and geladas (Theropithecus gelada). Baboons and geladas are closely related taxa, yet they differ in their ecology and degree of social tolerance: (1) baboons
are habitat and dietary generalists, whereas geladas have one of the most specialized primate diets (90% grass); (2) baboons
exhibit an aversion toward extra-group individuals, whereas geladas typically exhibit an attraction toward them. Using subjects
of all age and sex classes, we examined responses to three different objects: a plastic doll, a rubber ball, and a metal can.
Overall, baboon subjects exhibited stronger responses to the objects (greater neophilia and exploration) than gelada subjects,
yet we found no evidence that the geladas were afraid of the objects. Furthermore, baboons interacted with the objects in
the same way they might interact with a potential food item. Responses were unrelated to sex, but immatures showed more object
exploration than adults. Results corroborate novel object research conducted in captive populations and suggest that baboons
and geladas have differences in behavioral flexibility (at least in this cognitive domain) that have been shaped by ecological
(rather than social) differences between the two species.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users. 相似文献
304.
Lindsey Clark Levitan Penny S. Visser 《Journal of experimental social psychology》2009,45(5):1057-1067
Recent evidence suggests that people who are embedded within attitudinally congruent social networks have stronger attitudes than those embedded in attitudinally diverse networks. The current research examines the causal processes responsible for this relation. Two studies capitalized on naturally occurring experiments whereby college students are quasi-randomly assigned to social contexts containing varying levels of attitudinal diversity. Replicating past research, individuals in attitudinally diverse social networks exhibited less resistance to attitude change and less attitude stability than those in more attitudinally congruent networks. Although there was evidence of attitude projection and selective network construction, neither of these processes could account for the relation between social network composition and attitude strength. These findings corroborate and extend previous results, reinforcing the notion that the social context in which people are embedded has important implications for the durability of their attitudes. 相似文献
305.
Lindsey A. Combs-Ronto Sheryl L. Olson Erika S. Lunkenheimer Arnold J. Sameroff 《Journal of abnormal child psychology》2009,37(8):1151-1163
This study was a prospective 2-year longitudinal investigation of associations between negative maternal parenting and disruptive
child behavior across the preschool to school transition. Our main goals were to 1) determine the direction of association
between early maternal negativity and child disruptive behaviors across this important developmental transition and 2) examine
whether there would be different patterns of associations for boys and girls. Participants were 235 children (111 girls; T1;
M = 37.7 months, T2; M = 63.4 months) and their mothers and teachers. Observational and multi-informant ratings of child disruptive behavior showed
differential patterns of stability and associations with measures of parenting risk. Results indicated bidirectional and interactive
contributions of externalizing behavior and negative parenting across time. Results also indicated that risk mechanisms operate
similarly for both sexes. Findings support transactional models of disruptive child behavior that highlight the joint contributions
of parents and children. 相似文献
306.
This study examined collective efficacy, group cohesion, and group performance in 125 randomly assigned groups of older (mean age 13.45 years) and younger (mean age 11.41 years) early adolescents working on three cooperative tasks. Collective motivation significantly predicted performance, even after controlling for past performance and self-efficacy for the older but not the younger participants. For the older (but not the younger) participants, groups with high collective efficacy and group cohesion scored higher on performance tasks than groups with low collective efficacy and group cohesion. The results point to the emergence of collective motivation beliefs in early adolescence, consistent with theories of social and cognitive development. Implications for theory and suggestions for future research are discussed. 相似文献
307.
Steven A. Hobbs Julie B. Schweitzer Lindsey L. Cohen Amber L. Hayes Cindy Schoell Brian K. Crain 《Journal of clinical psychology in medical settings》2003,10(4):273-277
This study examined mothers' attributions related to their children's compliance with various components of medical treatment for cystic fibrosis (CF). Mothers of children with CF were queried regarding adherence rates and reasons for child compliance with chest physiotherapy, inhalation therapy, exercise, medication, and dietary treatments. Maternal attributions for compliance were assessed on the dimensions of parental locus, stability, and controllability. Mothers reported significantly less compliance with diet than with other CF treatments; they also perceived the reasons for compliance with diet and exercise as more external and less under their control. These findings are discussed in relation to parent–child interactions that may be critical to improving treatment adherence, particularly in the context of nutritional interventions. 相似文献
308.
309.
A considerable degree of research in cross‐cultural consumer psychology has focused on the effects of individualism–collectivism on consumer preference for advertising appeals. Recently, psychologists have demonstrated a growing interest in the individual‐level manifestations of individualism–collectivism. Idiocentrism refers to person‐level individualism, whereas allocentrism refers to person‐level collectivism. Drawing on individualism–collectivism theory, in this article we look at the lifestyle of idiocentrics and allocentrics. Our findings suggest a convergence between the etic‐ and emic‐level approaches, thus strengthening individualism–collectivism theory. The emic‐level findings of this study also suggest additional questions to be explored at the etic level. Finally, we make suggestions for applications in consumer communication. 相似文献
310.
Chinman M Hunter SB Ebener P Paddock SM Stillman L Imm P Wandersman A 《American journal of community psychology》2008,41(3-4):206-224
Communities are increasingly being required by state and federal funders to achieve outcomes and be accountable, yet are often
not provided the guidance or the tools needed to successfully meet this challenge. To improve the likelihood of achieving
positive outcomes, the Getting To Outcomes (GTO) intervention (manual, training, technical assistance) is designed to provide
the necessary guidance and tools, tailored to community needs, in order to build individual capacity and program performance.
GTO is an example of a Prevention Support System intervention, which as conceptualized by the Interactive Systems Framework,
plays a key role in bridging the gap between prevention science (Prevention Synthesis and Translation System) and prevention
practice (Prevention Delivery System). We evaluated the impact of GTO on individual capacity and program performance using
survey- and interview-based methods. We tracked the implementation of GTO and gathered user feedback about its utility and
acceptability. The evaluation of GTO suggests that it can build individual capacity and program performance and as such demonstrates
that the Prevention Support System can successfully fulfill its intended role. Lessons learned from the implementation of
GTO relevant to illuminating the framework are discussed. 相似文献