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161.
We used a multiple baseline design across participants to determine if teacher greetings would reduce the latency to task engagement. Three participants were identified by their respective teachers as having difficulty initiating task-appropriate engagement at the beginning of class. Latency was measured from teacher greeting until the participant was actively engaged for 5 consecutive seconds. Results showed that teacher greetings were effective at reducing latency to task engagement for all participants. 相似文献
162.
The current article examines how close relationships combine with individual differences in sex motives (Cooper, Shapiro, & Powers, 1998) to shape sexual experience. We first provide an overview of the motivational approach as it relates to sexual behavior and then describe 2 broad mechanisms (1 transactional, the other interactional) by which motives and relational context combine to shape behavior. Drawing on our past research, we review evidence showing that people select relationship contexts based partly on their motives and that these contexts in turn shape future motives and behavior; that partner motives shape sexual experience above and beyond one's own motives; and that both the broader relationship context and partner motives moderate the effects of one's own motives on sexual experience. We conclude that the nature of motivational pursuits cannot be adequately understood in the abstract, but rather we must take into account the relational context in which one's needs are pursued. 相似文献
163.
Studies investigating the effect of emotional expression on spatial orienting to a gazed-at location have produced mixed results. The present study investigated the role of affective context in the integration of emotion processing and gaze-triggered orienting. In three experiments, a face gazed nonpredictively to the left or right, and then its expression became fearful or happy. Participants identified (Experiments 1 and 2) or detected (Experiment 3) a peripheral target presented 225 or 525 ms after the gaze cue onset. In Experiments 1 and 3 the targets were either threatening (a snarling dog) or nonthreatening (a smiling baby); in Experiment 2 the targets were neutral. With emotionally-valenced targets, the gaze-cuing effect was larger when the face was fearful compared to happy--but only with the longer cue-target interval. With neutral targets, there was no interaction between gaze and expression. Our results indicate that a meaningful context optimizes attentional integration of gaze and expression information. 相似文献
164.
This study examined competing substantive hypotheses about dynamic (i.e., time-ordered) links between memory and functional limitations in old age. We applied the Bivariate Dual Change Score Model to 13-year longitudinal data from the Asset and Health Dynamics Among the Oldest Old Study (AHEAD; N = 6,990; ages 70 - 95). Results revealed that better memory predicted shallower increases in functional limitations. Little evidence was found for the opposite direction that functional limitations predict ensuing changes in memory. Spline models indicated that dynamic associations between memory and functional limitations were substantively similar between participants aged 70-79 and those aged 80-95. Potential covariates (gender, education, health conditions, and depressive symptoms) did not account for these differential lead-lag associations. Applying a multivariate approach, our results suggest that late-life developments in two key components of successful aging are intrinsically interrelated. Our discussion focuses on possible mechanisms why cognitive functioning may serve as a source of age-related changes in health both among the young-old and the old-old. 相似文献
165.
Compo NS Evans JR Carol RN Kemp D Villalba D Ham LS Rose S 《Memory (Hove, England)》2011,19(2):202-210
Alcohol typically has a detrimental impact on memory across a variety of encoding and retrieval conditions (e.g., Mintzer, 2007; Ray & Bates, 2006). No research has addressed alcohol's effect on memory for lengthy and interactive events and little has tested alcohol's effect on free recall. In this study 94 participants were randomly assigned to alcohol, placebo, or control groups and consumed drinks in a bar-lab setting while interacting with a "bartender". Immediately afterwards all participants freely recalled the bar interaction. Consistent with alcohol myopia theory, intoxicated participants only differed from placebo and control groups when recalling peripheral information. Expanding on the original hypervigilance hypothesis, placebo participants showed more conservative reporting behaviour than the alcohol or control groups by providing more uncertain and "don't know" responses. Thus, alcohol intoxication had confined effects on memory for events, supporting and extending current theories. 相似文献
166.
This article explores the developing definition of moral injury within the current key literature. Building on the previous literature regarding ‘Moral Injury, Spiritual Care and the role of Chaplains’ (Carey et al. in JORH 55(4):1218–1245, 2016b. doi: 10.1007/s10943-016-0231-x), this article notes the complexity that has developed due to definitional variations regarding moral injury—particularly with respect to the concepts of ‘betrayal’ and ‘spirituality’. Given the increasing recognition of moral injury and noting the relevance and importance of utilizing a bio-psycho-social-spiritual model, this article argues that betrayal and spirituality should be core components for understanding, defining and addressing moral injury. It also supports the role of chaplains being involved in the holistic care and rehabilitation of those affected by moral injury. 相似文献
167.
Financing Faith: Religion and Strategic Philanthropy 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Over the last century, a new form of strategic philanthropy arose—that of the private foundation. Foundations do not account for a large portion of donations received by religious organizations, but they can deploy important resources at critical moments. Examining data between 1999 and 2003 from the Foundation Center on grants and grant making, we find that a very small number of foundations are dominant actors in religious strategic philanthropy. These organizations introduce isomorphic tendencies within American religion. Federal tax policies and financial scandals precipitated the emergence of more organizational forms—regranting organizations, supporting organizations, and oversight organizations. Factors such as secularization, religious pluralism, and globalization have generated new challenges for private foundations, and in the aggregate, these developments have contributed to a restructuring within the world of religious philanthropy. 相似文献
168.
Prenatal exposure to alcohol and stimulants negatively affects the developing trajectory of the central nervous system in
many ways. Recent advances in neuroimaging methods have allowed researchers to study the structural, metabolic, and functional
abnormalities resulting from prenatal exposure to drugs of abuse in living human subjects. Here we review the neuroimaging
literature of prenatal exposure to alcohol, cocaine, and methamphetamine. Neuroimaging studies of prenatal alcohol exposure
have reported differences in the structure and metabolism of many brain systems, including in frontal, parietal, and temporal
regions, in the cerebellum and basal ganglia, as well as in the white matter tracts that connect these brain regions. Functional
imaging studies have identified significant differences in brain activation related to various cognitive domains as a result
of prenatal alcohol exposure. The published literature of prenatal exposure to cocaine and methamphetamine is much smaller,
but evidence is beginning to emerge suggesting that exposure to stimulant drugs in utero may be particularly toxic to dopamine-rich
basal ganglia regions. Although the interpretation of such findings is somewhat limited by the problem of polysubstance abuse
and by the difficulty of obtaining precise exposure histories in retrospective studies, such investigations provide important
insights into the effects of drugs of abuse on the structure, function, and metabolism of the developing human brain. These
insights may ultimately help clinicians develop better diagnostic tools and devise appropriate therapeutic interventions to
improve the condition of children with prenatal exposure to drugs of abuse. 相似文献
169.
Sean P. Reilley Andrew L. Geers Dawn L. Lindsay Laura Deronde William N. Dember 《Current Psychology》2005,24(1):43-59
Optimism and pessimism are personality variables that have repeatedly been shown to affect health, job performance, and social
relationships. Various instruments purport to measure these dispositions that differ substantially in their theoretical and
measurement models. While research has examined relations between subsets of these measures, their unique predictive ability
has been neglected. Three sequential studies evaluated the interrelation and predictive ability of the three most utilized
instruments, the Life Orientation Test (LOT), the O/P Instrument (OPI) and variants of the Attributional Style Questionnaire
(ASQ). Consistent with expectations, measures sharing a future-expectancy component (LOT and OPI) were moderately related
and most predictive of health, depression, and coping. ASQ measures were modestly related to the LOT and OPI and offered less
consistent predictions. 相似文献
170.
Neurobiological and Cognitive Profile of Young Binge Drinkers: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Lees Briana Mewton Louise Stapinski Lexine A. Squeglia Lindsay M. Rae Caroline D. Teesson Maree 《Neuropsychology review》2019,29(3):357-385
Neuropsychology Review - This review provides the first systematic and quantitative synthesis of the literature examining the relationship between binge drinking, cognition, brain structure and... 相似文献