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161.
Prenatal exposure to alcohol and stimulants negatively affects the developing trajectory of the central nervous system in
many ways. Recent advances in neuroimaging methods have allowed researchers to study the structural, metabolic, and functional
abnormalities resulting from prenatal exposure to drugs of abuse in living human subjects. Here we review the neuroimaging
literature of prenatal exposure to alcohol, cocaine, and methamphetamine. Neuroimaging studies of prenatal alcohol exposure
have reported differences in the structure and metabolism of many brain systems, including in frontal, parietal, and temporal
regions, in the cerebellum and basal ganglia, as well as in the white matter tracts that connect these brain regions. Functional
imaging studies have identified significant differences in brain activation related to various cognitive domains as a result
of prenatal alcohol exposure. The published literature of prenatal exposure to cocaine and methamphetamine is much smaller,
but evidence is beginning to emerge suggesting that exposure to stimulant drugs in utero may be particularly toxic to dopamine-rich
basal ganglia regions. Although the interpretation of such findings is somewhat limited by the problem of polysubstance abuse
and by the difficulty of obtaining precise exposure histories in retrospective studies, such investigations provide important
insights into the effects of drugs of abuse on the structure, function, and metabolism of the developing human brain. These
insights may ultimately help clinicians develop better diagnostic tools and devise appropriate therapeutic interventions to
improve the condition of children with prenatal exposure to drugs of abuse. 相似文献
162.
Sean P. Reilley Andrew L. Geers Dawn L. Lindsay Laura Deronde William N. Dember 《Current Psychology》2005,24(1):43-59
Optimism and pessimism are personality variables that have repeatedly been shown to affect health, job performance, and social
relationships. Various instruments purport to measure these dispositions that differ substantially in their theoretical and
measurement models. While research has examined relations between subsets of these measures, their unique predictive ability
has been neglected. Three sequential studies evaluated the interrelation and predictive ability of the three most utilized
instruments, the Life Orientation Test (LOT), the O/P Instrument (OPI) and variants of the Attributional Style Questionnaire
(ASQ). Consistent with expectations, measures sharing a future-expectancy component (LOT and OPI) were moderately related
and most predictive of health, depression, and coping. ASQ measures were modestly related to the LOT and OPI and offered less
consistent predictions. 相似文献
163.
Neurobiological and Cognitive Profile of Young Binge Drinkers: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Lees Briana Mewton Louise Stapinski Lexine A. Squeglia Lindsay M. Rae Caroline D. Teesson Maree 《Neuropsychology review》2019,29(3):357-385
Neuropsychology Review - This review provides the first systematic and quantitative synthesis of the literature examining the relationship between binge drinking, cognition, brain structure and... 相似文献
164.
Geoff Lindsay 《Counselling and Psychotherapy Research》2019,19(1):3-7
Children and young people exhibiting behavioural difficulties present a major challenge not only to parents but also to education and health professionals and to society as a whole. In this paper, I shall address some key issues regarding these parenting programmes, based particularly on a programme of research over 13 years in the Centre for Educational Development, Appraisal and Research at the University of Warwick. This has comprised large‐scale studies across all areas of England, both programmes targeted at parents whose children are presenting or at risk of developing behavioural difficulties: the Parenting Early Intervention Pathfinder and Parenting Early Intervention Programme; and universal programmes aimed at all parents, as a positive contribution to behavioural development across the population: the CANparent trial. All were funded by the Department for Education plus the continuation of the CANparent trial was funded by the Department of Health. In addition, I consider studies that have built on this research to examine the use of parenting programmes with parents of children and young people with special educational needs; and also the effectiveness of programmes during sustained implementation, beyond formal trials and similar research initiatives, that is, as day‐to‐day practice. I show that well‐constructed parenting programmes that are acceptable to parents are effective, that these positive effects on parents can remain over time, and also that the positive effects found in well‐organised trials can be maintained when programmes are delivered by community services as part of their normal practice. 相似文献
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This article examines whether longitudinal reading trajectories vary by the generational status of immigrant children as they begin formal schooling through the 3rd grade. The results of the hierarchical linear model indicated that 1st and 2nd generation children (i.e., those born in a foreign country and those born in the United States to foreign-born parents, respectively) had higher achievement scores at the spring of kindergarten than did 3rd generation children. Yet, controlling for race/ethnicity and maternal education fully reduced the 1st generation advantage. In addition, 1st generation children grew in reading achievement at a faster rate than did 3rd generation children. Controlling for a host of proximal and distal factors that included demographic, race/ethnic, family, and school characteristics somewhat reduced the association between generational status and rate of growth. First and 2nd generation children continued to increase their reading scores at a faster rate than did 3rd generation children. It is likely that additional factors not measured in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Survey-Kindergarten cohort, such as selection, cultural, or motivational factors, would be useful in further explaining the immigrant advantage. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2008 APA, all rights reserved). 相似文献
168.
17 criteria for suicide-by-cop incidents were applied to 39 such incidents and 18 control incidents. Analysis indicated the criteria differentiated the two groups and may be useful for investigators. 相似文献
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