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91.
There has been considerable controversy and research regarding sex bias in the diagnosis of personality disorders, but little has involved self-report inventories. Thus this study investigated items from the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-II (Millon, 1987), the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (Morey, Waugh, & Blashfield, 1985), and the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-Revised (Hyler & Rieder, 1987). Subjects (N = 189) completed the Histrionic, Dependent, Antisocial, and Narcissistic scales from these inventories, along with the Bem Sex Role Inventory (Bem, 1974) and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised (Derogatis, 1977). Items were considered to evidence sex or gender bias if they (a) failed to correlate with dysfunction and (b) exhibited sex or gender role differences. At least 13 items evidenced sex bias (76 items using a more liberal threshold). The majority were from Narcissistic scales; few Histrionic items evidenced sex or gender bias. Implications with respect to sex-bias assessment and item construction are discussed. 相似文献
92.
In an examination of environmentally related behavior, the health belief model (HBM) was applied to the recycling behavior of a random sample of Missouri residents. The results indicated that both the basic and modified versions of the HBM significantly predict recycling behavior; significant predictors include perceived barriers, perceived likelihood of negative outcomes due to failure to recycle, self-efficacy, and consideration of future consequences. These findings are consistent with applications of the HBM to health-related actions. The poor performance of several variables provides evidence of the psychological processes underlying decisions to recycle. 相似文献
93.
In the acquisition phase, pigeons learned to peck at a changeover key to shorten the duration of S? but not of S+ presented on the food key in a discrimination problem. In the transfer phase, the significance of S+ and S? was changed through extinction of both, equal reinforcement, or discrimination reversal, while the changeover key was not available. Transfer tests then showed appropriate modification of the changeover response. Similar transfer was demonstrated across orthogonal stimulus dimensions. Further analytic studies showed that this transfer of the changeover response did not depend upon mediation due to differential response rates to the food key. This research strategy enriches the study of the “second learning process” by providing an indicator of stimulus control in all phases of the procedure. Direct transfer between different problems also indicates that discriminative stimuli, although physically dissimilar, have the same “psychological value” for the subject. 相似文献
94.
95.
Jay W. Bauer Kenneth C. Squires Peter H. Lindsay 《Attention, perception & psychophysics》1972,11(4):301-308
A digital computer, using a simple decision algorithm, attempted to determine when an acoustical signal had been presented to a cat by monitoring the amplitude of the evoked potentials (EP) at brainstem auditory nuclei. The signal-to-noise level at threshold and the shape and range of the decision model “psychometric functions” were similar to those obtained from humans in the same task. In addition, the detection performance obeys Weber’s law, the mean amplitude of the EP increases monotmonically with signal level, the variance of the amplitude is independent of both signal and noise level, and both the mean latency and the variance of the latency of the peaks decrease with increasing signal level. These findings suggest that the synchronization in firing of a population of single units plays a part in determining the amplitude of the EP. Interaural effects in detection performance were found at the inferior colliculus and, to a lesser extent, at the superior olive. 相似文献
96.
Vigorous and damaging head-banging and head and body-rocking can occur in normal subjects of average intelligence before and during sleep. Reports of behavioural treatments for this are reviewed. Data from the present case and others suggest that waking plus efficient response prevention is sufficient to substantially reduce or eliminate the activity even when the treatment has been withdrawn for up to one year. The aetiology of the activity is not understood. However, this case suggests that head- and body-rolling, when long-established, need not enhance the quality of sleep since this was unimpaired on completion of treatment and was possibly even improved by the elimination of the movements. The present case also demonstrates that the behaviour can be treated successfully even when considerable environmental stresses occur. 相似文献
97.
Observers’ ability to perform several discrimination tasks at the same time was tested using a two-alternative temporal forced-choice procedure. Discrimination of two auditory dimensions (pitch and intensity) and two visual dimensions (horizontal position and vertical position) was measured under conditions where one, two or all four dimensions required attention. Three signal durations were used: 67, 133, and 200 msec. Increasing the number of dimensions requiring attention systematically reduces the precisions of discrimination for each dimension. Auditory and visual discrimination is affected similarly. The amount of reduction in discrimination is independent of whether the dimensions requiring attention involve the same or different sensory modalities. The data are analyzed for evidence of a constant processing capacity employed in both single and multidimensional discrimination. The possibility that the observed performance levels could be achieved by sequentially processing the simultaneous inputs is also considered. 相似文献
98.
Ethical regulations and their impact on research practice 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
99.
Vivian F. Ibañez Kerri P. Peters Janelle K. Bacotti Lindsay A. Lloveras Angela Van Arsdale Timothy R. Vollmer 《Behavioral Interventions》2023,38(1):159-177
Children with autism spectrum disorder often display feeding problems, such as consumption of a limited variety of foods. It is also common for these children to be enrolled in early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) services for comprehensive treatment. Combined, these factors make it possible that behavior analysts will have a role in a child's clinical care related to feeding. However, given that the etiology of pediatric feeding disorders is complex and multifactorial, clinicians should ensure they have sufficient training and a setting that is appropriate for assessment and treatment. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of behavioral skills training in an EIBI setting to conduct a structured mealtime protocol. Training resulted in increases in procedural integrity, and we replicated these effects for all participants. 相似文献
100.
Lindsay A. Bornheimer 《Suicide & life-threatening behavior》2019,49(2):423-431
First‐episode psychosis (FEP) is a particularly high‐risk period for suicide, in which risk elevates by 60% within a first year of treatment as compared to later stages of illness. To date, much of the literature has focused on individuals with a longer duration of psychosis; thus, there is an urgency for research to examine suicide risk among individuals in FEP in the beginning stage of treatment. This study aimed to identify the relationships between demographic characteristics, symptoms of depression, psychosis (particularly positive symptoms of psychosis), and suicidal ideation among individuals in FEP. Secondary data were obtained from National Institute of Mental Health's Early Treatment Program of the Recovery After an Initial Schizophrenia Episode project (N = 404). Consistent with prior research, participants who experienced suicidal ideation during the study period reported having a longer duration of untreated psychosis and greater symptoms of depression. Further, positive symptoms of psychosis, namely hallucinations and delusions, were found to increase the odds of experiencing suicidal ideation. Findings point toward the implication that depression and positive symptoms of psychosis relate to the experience of suicidal ideation among individuals with a FEP and should be evaluated for and treated in the early stages of treatment. 相似文献